the Week of Proper 28 / Ordinary 33
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Bible Encyclopedias
Muffler
Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature
or (רִעִל, ra'al, a reeling, as in Zechariah 12:2; Sept. and Vulg. undistinguishable), a term occurring in Isaiah 3:19, among articles of female apparel or ornament, and thought by Gesenius (Heb. Lex. s.v.) to signify a veil, from its tremulous motion, the corresponding Arabic word denoting a similar article of dress. (See VEIL). The margin of the Auth. Vers. has "spangled ornaments," a mere conjecture. Roberts explains the ornaments spoken of by reference to the costume of the women of India: "The 'chains,' as consisting first of one most beautifully worked with a pendant ornament for the neck; there is also a profusion of others, which go round the same part, and rest on the bosom. In making curious chains, the goldsmiths of England do not surpass those of the East. The 'bracelets' are large ornaments for the wrists, in which are sometimes enclosed small bells. The 'mufflers' are, so far as I can judge, not for the face, but for the breasts." Kitto however, accedes to the opinion .of Gesenius that the last are a species of outdoor veil (see Daily Bible Illustra. ad loc.). (See ATTIRE).
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McClintock, John. Strong, James. Entry for 'Muffler'. Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature. https://www.studylight.org/encyclopedias/eng/tce/m/muffler.html. Harper & Brothers. New York. 1870.
