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Bible Encyclopedias
Court, Judicial.
Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature
or Among the Jews, besides the Sanhedrim (q.v.) or great "council" (q.v.), there were lesser courts (συνέδρια, Matthew 10:17; Mark 13:9), of which there were two at Jerusalem, and one in each town of Palestine. The constitution of these courts is a doubtful point. According to Talmudical writers, the number of judges was twenty-three in places where there was a population of 120, and three where the population fell below that number (Mishna, Sanhedr. 1:6). Josephus, however, gives a different account; he states (Ant. 4:8, 14) that the court, as constituted by Moses (Deuteronomy 16:18), consisted of seven judges, each of whom had two Levites as assessors; accordingly, in the reform which he carried out in Galilee, he appointed seven judges for the trial of minor offenses (War, 2:20, 5). The statement of Josephus is generally accepted as correct; but it should be noticed that these courts were not always in existence. They may have been instituted by himself on what he conceived to be the true Mosaic model; a supposition which is rendered probable by his farther institution of a council of Seventy, which served as a court for capital offenses, altogether independent of the Sanhedrim at Jerusalem (Life, 14; War, 2:20, 5). The existence of local courts, however constituted, is clearly implied in the passages quoted from the N.T.; and perhaps the judgment (Matthew 5:21) applies to them. (See MARKET). Under the Roman government there was a provincial court (συμβούλιον, Acts 25:12), a kind of jury or privy council, consisting of a certain number of assessors (consiliarii, Sueton. Tib. 33, 55), who assisted the procurators in the administration of justice and other public matters. (See JUDGE).
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McClintock, John. Strong, James. Entry for 'Court, Judicial.'. Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature. https://www.studylight.org/encyclopedias/eng/tce/c/court-judicial.html. Harper & Brothers. New York. 1870.
