Lectionary Calendar
Sunday, December 22nd, 2024
the Fourth Week of Advent
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Groan
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
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grōn ( נאק , nā'aḳ , אנק , 'ānaḳ ; στενάζω , stenázō , ἐμβριμάομαι , embrimáomai ): The English word, noun and verb, is an attempt to imitate the vocal sound which is expressive of severe pain or distress, physical or mental. It is cognate with the Scottish dialect word girn , and with grin in its original obsolete sense, as used in the Anglican Prayer-book version of Psalm 59:6 , Psalm 59:14 , "grin like a dog and go about the city"; here "grin" is a translation of hāmāh , and means the sound of the nightly howling of the pariah dogs in Jerusalem and other oriental cities. It is used in the Old Testament:
(1) To denote the expression accompanying physical suffering, as in the case of the Israelites in Egypt oppressed by Pharaoh's taskmasters (Exodus 2:24; Exodus 6:5 ), or in Palestine under the yoke of the Canaanites (Judges 2:18 , neḳāḳāh ). It is also used in Job's description of the sufferings and wretchedness of the poor (Job 24:12 ) as well as in his complaint concerning his own suffering when smitten by the hand of God (Job 23:2 ). The Psalmist speaks of groaning when fever-stricken and remorseful, the King James Version and the Revised Version (British and American) "roaring all the day long" (Psalm 32:3; Psalm 38:9; Psalm 102:5; Psalm 22:1 ).
(2) The expression of suffering on the part of beasts, hungry and thirsty in drought (Joel 1:18 ).
(3) The manifestation of mental and spiritual distress as in Psalm 6:6; Psalm 102:20 (the Revised Version (British and American) "sighing").
(4) Metaphorically groaning is the despairing note of Egypt in the prophecy of her overthrow by Babylon, the sound being that uttered by a deadly wounded man ( Ezekiel 30:24; similarly in the prophecy of the Persian conquest the misery of Babylon is thus represented by Jeremiah 51:52 ); and the misery of Tyre when taken by Babylon is similarly described (Ezekiel 26:15 , the King James Version "cry").
The word for "sigh" ( 'ănāḥāh ) is closely allied, and the meanings are sufficiently akin, so that the terms seem interchangeable. A sigh is physically a sign of respiratory distress due to depressed action of the heart; sighing is consequently the indication of physical weakness or mental disquietude, as Psalm 12:5; Psalm 31:10; Psalm 79:11; Isaiah 21:2; Isaiah 24:7; Isaiah 35:10; Jeremiah 45:3 .
Nā'aḳ is the crying of persons dying or starving, as in Ezekiel 30:24; Job 24:12 . A somewhat similar word, hāghāh , means the complaining sound like that of the cooing of doves (Isaiah 59:11; Nahum 2:7 ). , Nehı̄ is the sound of lamentation of the dead (Jeremiah 9:10; Jeremiah 31:15; Amos 5:16 ).
In the New Testament "groaning" is used for the expression of mental distress. In John 11:33 , John 11:15 the word used is part of the verb embrimaomai , which conveys the idea of deep and earnest emotion. The same word in two other passages is translated "strictly charged," and indicates the emphasis of the charge (Matthew 9:30; Mark 1:43 ). Elsewhere "sighing" and "groaning" are renderings of words derived from the verb stenazō , as in Romans 8:23; 2 Corinthians 5:2 , 2 Corinthians 5:4; Mark 7:34; Mark 8:12 . Stephen calls the groaning of Israel in Egypt stenagmós (Acts 7:34 ), and the united wail of the travailing creation is expressed by Paul by the word sunstenázei (Romans 8:22 ). The sigh is a characteristic sign of woe in Isaiah 21:2; Isaiah 24:7; Jeremiah 45:3; Lam 14, 8, 11, 12; Ezekiel 9:4; Ezekiel 21:6 f.
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Bibliography Information
Orr, James, M.A., D.D. General Editor. Entry for 'Groan'. International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. https://www.studylight.org/encyclopedias/eng/isb/g/groan.html. 1915.
