Lectionary Calendar

Saturday, December 21st, 2024
the Third Week of Advent

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Bible Lexicons

Gesenius Hebrew Grammer

Wilhelm Gesenius

Heinrich Friedrich Wilhelm Gesenius ( 3 February 1786 - 23 October 1842 ) was a German orientalist and Biblical critic.

He was born at Nordhausen, Germany. In 1803, Gesenius became a student of philosophy and theology at the University of Helmstedt, where Heinrich Henke was his most influential teacher; but the latter part of his university course was taken at the Göngen, where Johann Gottfried Eichhorn and Thomas Christian Tychsen were then at the height of their popularity.

In 1806, shortly after graduation, he became Repetent and Privatdozent at Göngen; and, as he was later proud to say, had August Neander for his first pupil in Hebrew language. In 1810 he became professor extrardinarius in theology, and in 1811 ordinarius, at the University of Halle, where, in spite of many offers of high preferment elsewhere, he spent the rest of his life.

In 1827, after declining an invitation to take Eichhorn's place at Göngen, Gesenius was made a Consistorialrath; but, apart from the violent attacks to which he, along with his friend and colleague Julius Wegsheider, was in 1830 subjected by E. W. Hengstenberg and his party in the Evangelische Kirchenzeitung, on account of his rationalism, his life was uneventful.

Gesenius died at Halle and is buried near the university. According to tradition, theology students in Halle put stones on his grave as a token of respect every year before their examinations.

Introduction: 1. The Semitic Languages in General; 2. Sketch of the History of the Hebrew Language; 3. Grammatical Treatment of the Hebrew Language; 4. Division and Arrangement of the Grammar

First Part Elementary Principles or the Sounds and Characters Chapter 1. The Individual Sounds and Characters: 5. The Consonants: their Forms and Names; 6. Pronunciation and Division of Consonants; 7. The Vowels in General, Vowel Letters and Vowel Signs; 8. The Vowel Signs in particular; 9. Character of the several Vowels; 10. The Half Vowels and the Syllable Divider ( Š^ewâ ); 11. Other Signs which affect the Reading; 12. Dageš in general, and Dageš forte in particular; 13. Dageš lene; 14. Mappîq and Rāphè; 15. The Accents; 16. Of Maqqēph and Mèthĕg; 17. Of the Q^erê and K^ethîbh Masora marginalis and finalis

Chapter 2. Peculiarities and Changes of Letters: the Syllable and the Tone: 18. In General; 19. Changes of Consonants; 20. The Strengthening ( Sharpening ) of Consonants; 21. The Aspiration of the Tenues; 22. Peculiarities of the Gutturals; 23. The Feebleness of the Gutturals א‎ and ה‎; 24. Changes of the Weak Letters ו‎ and י‎; 25. Unchangeable Vowels; 26. Syllable-formation and its Influence on the Quantity of Vowels; 27. The Change of the Vowels, especially as regards Quantity; 28. The Rise of New Vowels and Syllables; 29. The Tone, its Changes and the Pause

Second Part Etymology or the Parts of Speech: 30. Stems and Roots: Biliteral, Triliteral, and Quadriliteral; 31. Grammatical Structure

Chapter 1. The Pronoun: 32. The Personal Pronoun The Separate Pronoun; 33. Pronominal Suffixes; 34. The Demonstrative Pronoun; 35. The Article; 36. The Relative Pronoun; 37. The Interrogative and Indefinite Pronouns
Chapter 2. The Verb: 38. General View; 39. Ground-form and Derived Stems; 40. Tenses Moods Flexion; 41. Variations from the Ordinary Form of the Strong Verb
1. The Strong Verb: 42. In General
A. The Pure Stem, or Qal: 43. Its Form and Meaning; 44. Flexion of the Perfect of Qal; 45. The Infinitive; 46. The Imperative; 47. The Imperfect and its Inflexion; 48. Shortening and Lengthening of the Imperfect and Imperative The Jussive and Cohortative; 49. The Perfect and Imperfect with Wāw Consecutive; 50. The Participle
B. Verba Derivativa, or Derived Conjugations: 51. Niphʿal; 52. Piʿēl and Puʿal; 53. Hiphʿîl and Hophʿal; 54. Hithpaʿēl; 55. Less Common Conjugations; 56. Quadriliterals
C. Strong Verb with Pronominal Suffixes: 57. In general; 58. The Pronominal Suffixes of the Verb; 59. The Perfect with Pronominal Suffixes; 60. Imperfect with Pronominal Suffixes; 61. Infinitive, Imperative and Participle with Pronominal Suffixes
Verbs and Gutturals: 62. Verbs with Gutturals; 63. Verbs First Guttural, eg עָמַד‎ to stand; 64. Verbs Middle Guttural, eg שָׁחַט‎ to slaughter; 65. Verbs Third Guttural, eg שָׁלַח‎ to send
1. The Weak Verb: 66. Verbs Primae Radicalis Nûn ( פ״ן‎ ) , eg נָגַשׁ‎ to approach; 67. Verbs ע״ע‎, eg סָבַב‎ to surround
2. The Weakest Verbs ( Verba Quiescentia ): 68. Verbs פ״א‎ eg אָכַל‎ to eat; 69. Verbs פ״י‎ First Class, or Verbs originally פ״ו‎, eg יָשַׁב‎ to dwell; 70. Verbs פ״י‎ Second Class, or Verbs properly פ״י‎, eg יָטַב‎ to be good Paradigm L; 71. Verbs פ״י‎ Third Class, or Verbs with Yôdh assimilated; 72. Verbs ע״וּ‎ ( vulgo ע״ו‎ ) , eg קוּם‎ to rise up Paradigm M; 73. Verbs middle i ( vulgo ע״י‎ ) , eg בִּין‎ to discern Paradigm N; 74. Verbs ל״א‎, eg מָצָא‎ to find Paradigm O; 75. Verbs ל״ה‎, eg גָּלָה‎ to reveal Paradigm P; 76. Verbs Doubly Weak; 77. Relation of the Weak Verbs to one another

Chapter 3. The Noun: 78. Verba Defectiva; 79. General View; 80. The Indication of Gender in Nouns; 81. Derivation of Nouns; 82. Primitive Nouns; 83. Verbal Nouns in General; 84^a Nouns derived from the Simple Stem; 85. Nouns with Preformatives and Afformatives; 86. Denominative Nouns; 87. Of the Plural; 88. Of the Dual; 89. The Genitive and the Construct State; 90. Real and Supposed Remains of Early Case-endings ־ָה‎ local, וּ‎ in compound proper names, ־ִי‎ and וֹ‎ in the Construct State; 91. The Noun with Pronominal Suffixes; 92. Vowel Changes in the Noun; 93. Paradigms of Masculine Nouns; 94. Formation of Feminine Nouns; 95. Paradigms of Feminine Nouns; 96. Nouns of Peculiar Formation; 97. Numerals ( a ) Cardinal Numbers; 98. Numerals ( b ) Ordinal Numbers

Chapter 4. The Particles: 99. General View; 100. Adverbs; 101. Prepositions; 102. Prefixed Prepositions; 103. Prepositions with Pronominal Suffixes and in the Plural Form; 104. Conjunctions; 105. Interjections

THIRD PART SYNTAX Chapter 2. The Parts of Speech 1. Syntax of the Verb. A. Use of the Tenses and Moods.: 106. Use of the Perfect; 107. Use of the Imperfect; 108. Use of the Cohortative; 109. Use of the Jussive; 110. The Imperative; 111. The Imperfect with Wāw Consecutive; 112. The Perfect with Wāw Consecutive
B. The Infinitive and Participle: 113. The Infinitive Absolute; 114. The Infinitive Construct; 115. Construction of the Infinitive Construct with Subject and Object; 116. The Participles
C. The Government of the Verb: 117. The Direct Subordination of the Noun to the Verb as Accusative of the Object The Double Accusative; 118. The Looser Subordination of the Accusative to the Verb; 119. The Subordination of Nouns to the Verb by means of Prepositions; 120. Verbal Ideas under the Government of a Verb Co-ordination of Complementary Verbal Ideas; 121. Construction of Passive Verbs
2. Syntax of the Noun: 122. Indication of the Gender of the Noun; 123. The Representation of Plural Ideas by Means of Collectives, and by the Repetition of Words; 124. The Various Uses of the Plural-form; 125. Determination of Nouns in general Determination of Proper Names; 126. Determination by Means of the Article; 127. The Noun determined by a following Determinate Genitive; 128. The Indication of the Genitive Relation by means of the Construct State; 129. Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocution; 130. Wider Use of the Construct State; 131. Apposition; 132. Connexion of the Substantive with the Adjective; 133. The Comparison of Adjectives ( Periphrastic Expression of the Comparative and Superlative ); 134. Syntax of the Numerals
3. Syntax of the Pronoun: 135. The Personal Pronoun; 136. The Demonstrative Pronoun; 137. The Interrogative Pronouns; 138. The Relative Pronoun; 139. Expression of Pronominal Ideas by means of Substantives

Chapter 2. The Sentence 1. The Sentence in General: 140. Noun-clauses, Verbal-clauses, and the Compound Sentence; 141. The Noun-clause; 142. The Verbal-clause; 143. The Compound Sentence; 144. Peculiarities in the Representation of the Subject ( especially in the Verbal-clause ); 145. Agreement between the Members of a Sentence, especially between Subject and Predicate, in respect of Gender and Number; 146. Construction of Compound Subjects; 147. Incomplete Sentences
2. Special Kinds of Sentences: 148. Exclamations; 149. Sentences which express an Oath or Asseveration; 150. Interrogative Sentences; 151. Desiderative Sentences; 152. Negative Sentences; 153. Restrictive and Intensive Clauses; 154. Sentences connected by Wāw; 155. Relative Clauses; 156. Circumstantial Clauses; 157. Object-Clauses ( Oratio Obliqua ); 158. Causal Clauses; 159. Conditional Sentences; 160. Concessive Clauses; 161. Comparative Clauses; 162. Disjunctive Sentences; 163. Adversative and Exceptive Clauses; 164. Temporal Clauses; 165. Final Clauses; 166. Consecutive Clauses; 167. Aposiopesis, Anacoluthon, Involved Series of Sentences