Bible Lexicons

Besides the construction of a nomen rectum dependent upon a nomen regens in the construct state (§§ 89 and 128), the connexion of two nouns may also be effected otherwise, either by simply attaching the dependent noun by means of the preposition לְ‎, which, according to §119r, expresses, besides other ideas, like that of belonging to,^[1] or by the addition of a relative clause (אֲשֶׁר לְ‎, see h below).

1. The introduction of a genitive by לְ‎ sometimes occurs even when the construction with the construct state would be equally possible, e.g. 1 Samuel 14:16 הַצֹּפִים לְשָׁאוּל‎ the watchmen of Saul; Psalms 37:16, 2 Chronicles 28:18 (where indeed the circumlocution makes the sense much plainer); as a rule, however, this use is restricted to the following cases:—

(a) To prevent a nomen regens being determined by a following determinate genitive, e.g. 1 Samuel 16:18 בֵּן לְיִשַׁי‎ a son of Jesse (בֶּן־יִשַׁי‎ would be, according to §127a, the son of Jesse); cf. Genesis 14:18, Genesis 36:12, Genesis 41:12, Numbers 16:22 (27:16), 1 Samuel 17:8, 2 Samuel 19:21, Psalms 122:5. Hence, regularly מִוְמור לְדָוִד‎ (Psalms 3:1, &c.) a psalm of David (properly belonging to David as the author), for which לְדָוִד‎ of David is used alone elliptically in Psalms 11:1, Psalms 14:1, &c. Such a case as לְדָוִד מִזְמוֹר‎ (Psalms 24:1, &c.) is not to be regarded as a transposition, but מִזְמוֹר‎ is used epexegetically for the general term omitted before לְדָוִד‎ (as it were, a poem of David, a psalm). Moreover, the introduction of the author, poet, &c., by this Lamed auctoris is the customary idiom also in the other Semitic dialects, especially in Arabic.

(b) When a genitive is to be made dependent on a nomen regens, which is itself composed of a nomen regens and rectum, and represents, as a compound, one united idea, e.g. Ruth 2:3 חֶלְקַת הַשָּׁדֶה לְבֹעַז‎ the portion of field belonging to Boaz (חֶ׳ שְׂדֵה בֹעַז‎ would be the portion of the field of Boaz); 2 Kings 5:9 at the house-door of Elisha. This especially applies to the cases in which the compound regens represents a term in very common use, the fixed form of which cannot be altered, e.g. 1 Kings 14:19 עַל־סֵ֫פֶר דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים לְמַלְכֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל‎ in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel; 15:23, &c.; cf. also Joshua 19:51.

(c) When for any other reason the construction with the nomen regens in the construct state is inadmissible; cf. e.g. Leviticus 18:20, where שְׁכָבְתְּךָ‎, on account of the suffix, cannot be used in the construct state; but Leviticus 15:16 ff., &c., שִׁכְבַת־זֶ֫רַע‎; Judges 3:28 the Jordan fords of Moab (יַרְדֵּן‎ as a proper name cannot be used in the construct state); Exodus 20:5 upon the third and upon the fourth generation of them that hats me; וְעַל־רִבֵּעִים‎ must be kept in the absolute state for the sake of conformity with עַל־שִּׁלֵּשִׁים‎, and for the same reason also לַֽאֲלָפִּים לְאֹֽהֲבַי‎.

(d) After statements of number in such cases as Genesis 8:14 בְּשִׁבְעָה וְעֶשְׂרִים יוֹם לַחֹ֫דֶשׁ‎ on the seven and twentieth day of the month; cf. 7:11, 16:3 and frequently, or as in Haggai 1:1 בִּשְׁנַת שְׁתַּ֫יִם לְדָֽרְיָ֫וֶשׁ‎ in the second year of Darius; the numeral here is always one compound idea with the substantive numbered, and consequently (as in the examples under b) does not admit of being in the constr. st. with a genitive. The same naturally applies also to such examples as 1 Kings 3:18 בַּיּוֹם חַשְּׁלִישִׁי לְלִדְתִּי‎ on the third day of my giving birth (i.e. after my giving birth). Cf. also the standing phrase בְּאֶחָד לַחֹ֫דֶשׁ‎ on the first (day) of the month, Genesis 8:5 and frequently.

Rem. In cases like 2 Samuel 3:2 and his firstborn was Amnon לַֽאֲחִינֹ֫עַם‎ of Ahinoam, the genitive expressed by circumlocution with לְ‎ is in reality dependent on a regens which is omitted (בֵּן לַֽאֲחִינֹ֫עַם‎ a son of Ahinoam); cf. 2 Samuel 3:3, 5, 1 Kings 14:13, Amos 5:3 (unless לְבֵית יִשְׂרָאֵל‎ originally depended on thus spake the Lord), and the remarks on לְדָוִד מִזְמוֹר‎ under c above.

2. The periphrastic expression of the genitive by means of אֲשֶׁר לְ‎ is used principally to state the possessor, e.g. Genesis 29:9 הַצֹאן אֲשֶׁר לְאָבִ֫יהָ‎ her father’s sheep (prop. the sheep which belonged to her father); Genesis 47:4 and frequently. So also (according to §128a) when a genitive depends on more than one substantive, e.g. Genesis 40:5 the butler and the baker who (belonged) to the king of Egypt (וְֹאפֵה מֶ֫לֶךְ מִצְרַ֫יִם‎ would indicate only the baker as belonging to the king); or when a genitive (as in the examples under d above) is added to a compound, which expresses one united idea (Ruth 4:3); or when, as a fixed term (e.g. a title), it appears always in the same form, e.g. Song of Solomon 1:1 שִׁיר הַשִּׁירִים אֲשֶׁר לִשְׁלֹמֹה‎ the Song of songs, of Solomon; 1 Samuel 21:8, 2 Samuel 2:8, 1 Chronicles 11:10; cf. also Genesis 41:43.^[2]