the Week of Proper 25 / Ordinary 30
Click here to join the effort!
Bible Lexicons
Old & New Testament Greek Lexical Dictionary Greek Lexicon
Strong's #2540 - καιρός
- Thayer
- Strong
- Mounce
- due measure
- a measure of time, a larger or smaller portion of time, hence:
- a fixed and definite time, the time when things are brought to crisis, the decisive epoch waited for
- opportune or seasonable time
- the right time
- a limited period of time
- to what time brings, the state of the times, the things and events of time
- Book
- Word
- Parsing
did not use
this Strong's Number
καιρός, ὁ,
I due measure, proportion, fitness (not in Hom.), καιρὸς δ' ἐπὶ πᾶσιν ἄριστος (which became a prov.) Hes. Op. 694, Thgn. 401; κ. παντὸς ἔχει κορυφάν Pi. P. 9.78; κ. Χάριτος A. Ag. 787 (anap.) (cf. ὑποκάμπτω 11); εἰ ὁ κ. ἦν σαφής the distinction, the point, E. Hipp. 386; ἡ ἀπορία ἔχει τινὰ κ. has some point or importance, Arist. Metaph. 1043b25; καιροῦ πέρα beyond measure, unduly, A. Pr. 507; μείζων τοῦ κ. γαστήρ X. Smp. 2.19; καιροῦ μεῖζον E. Fr. 626 codd.; προσωτέρω or πορρωτέρω τοῦ κ., X. An. 4.3.34, HG 7.5.13; ὀξύτερα τοῦ κ. Pl. Plt. 307b; νωθεστέρα τοῦ κ. ib. 310e; ὑπερβάλλων τῇ φιλοτιμίᾳ τὸν κ. Plu. Ages. 8, cf. Hp. Loc.Hom. 44. II of Place, vital part of the body (cf. καίριος 1), ἐς καιρὸν τυπείς E. Andr. 1120. III more freq. of Time, exact or critical time, season, opportunity, Χρόνου κ. S. El. 1292: usu. alone, κ. [ ἐστιν ] ἐν ᾧ Χρόνος οὐ πολὺς κτλ. Hp. Praec. [*], cf. Chrysipp. et Archig. ap. Daremberg Notices etextr. des MSS. médicaux 1p.200; κ. ὀξύς Hp. Aph. 1.1; κ. πρὸς ἀνθρώπων βραχὺ μέτρον ἔχει 'time and tide wait for no man', Pi. P. 4.286; κ. ὄλβου, = καίριος ὄλβος, Id. N. 7.58; δηλοῦν, ὅ τι περ δύναται κ. Ar. Ec. 576 codd. (sed leg. δύνασαι) ; τίνα κ. τοῦ παρόντος βελτίω ζητεῖτε; D. 3.16; κ. δόσιος for giving, Hp. Acut. 20; κ. τοῦ ποτισμοῦ, τῆς τρύγης, BGU 1003.12 (iii B. C.), PStrassb. 1.8 (V A. D.); τὰ ἐκ τοῦ κ. προγινόμενα Plb. 6.32.3; καιρὸν παριέναι to let the time go by, Th. 4.27 (so in pl., τοὺς κ. παριέναι Pl. R. 374c; τοὺς κ. ὑφαιρεῖσθαι Aeschin. 3.66); κ. τῶν πραγμάτων τοῖς ἐναντίοις καθυφιέναι καὶ προδοῦναι D. 19.6; καιροῦ (τοῦ κ.) τυχεῖν E. Hec. 593, Pl. Lg. 687a, Men. Mon. 281; καιρὸν εἰληφέναι Lys. 13.6 (but καιρὸς ἐλάμβανε Th. 2.34; cf. καιροῦ διδόντος Lib. Or. 45.7); καιροῦ λαβέσθαι Luc. Tim. 13; καιρὸν ἁρπάσαι Plu. Phil. 15; κ. τηρεῖν Arist. Rh. 1382b11; καιρῷ Χρήσασθαι Plu. Pyrrh. 7; καιρῷ Χειμῶνος ξυλλαβέσθαι co-operate with the occurrence of a storm, Pl. Lg. 709c; ἔχει κ. τι it happens in season, Th. 1.42, etc.; κ. ἔχειν τοῦ εὖ οἰκεῖν to be the chief cause of.., Pl. R. 421a; ὑμέας καιρός ἐστι προβοηθῆσαι Hdt. 8.144, cf. A. Pr. 523, etc.; νῦν κ. ἔρδειν S. El. 1368: sts. c. Art., ἀλλ' ἔσθ' ὁ κ... ξένους.. τυγχάνειν τὰ πρόσφορα A. Ch. 710; ὁ κ. ἐστι μὴ μέλλειν ἔτι Ar. Th. 661, cf. Pl. 255. adverbial phrases, ἐς καιρόν in season, Hdt. 7.144, E. Tr. 744, etc.; ἐς κ. ἐπείγεσθαι Hdt. 4.139; ἐς αὐτὸν κ. S. Aj. 1168; εἰς δέοντα κ. Men. Sam. 294; ἐν καιρῷ A. Pr. 381, Th. 4.59, etc.; ἐν κ. τινί Pl. Cri. 44a; ἐπὶ καιροῦ D. 19.258, 20.90, etc.; κατὰ καιρόν Pi. I. 2.22; ὥς οἱ κατὰ κ. ἦν Hdt. 1.30 (but also οἱ κατὰ κ. ἡγεμόνες in office at the time, BGU 15.10 (ii A. D.), etc.); παρὰ τῷ ἐντυχόντι αἰεὶ καὶ λόγου καὶ ἔργου κ. Th. 2.43; πρὸς καιρόν S. Aj. 38, Tr. 59, etc.; σὺν καιρῷ Plb. 2.38.7: without Preps., καιρῷ S. OT 1516; καιρόν, abs., S. Aj. 34, E. Fr. 495.9 (in Comp. form καιρότερον, Achae. 49); κ. γὰρ οὐδὲν ἦλθες E Hel. 479; opp. ἀπὸ καιροῦ out of season, Pl. Tht. 187e; ἄνευ καιροῦ Id. 339d; παρὰ καιρόν Pi. O. 8.24, E. IA 8c o (lyr.), Pl. Plt. 277a; πρὸ καιροῦ prematurely, A. Ag. 365 (anap.); ἐπὶ καιροῦ also means on the spur of the moment, ἐπὶ κ. λέγειν Plu. Dem. 8, cf. Art. 5; ἐξενεγκεῖν πόλεμον Id. Ant. 6.
2. season, πᾶσιν καιροῖς at all seasons of the year, IG 14.1018, cf. LXX Genesis 1:14, Ph. 1.13, Porph. ap. Eus. PE 3.11; κ. ἔτους, later Gr. for Att. ὥρα ἔτους, acc. to Moer. 424; time of day, Philostr. VA 6.14. critical times, periodic states, καιροὶ σωμάτων Arist. Pol. 1335a41.
3. generally, time, period, κατὰ τὸν κ. τοῦτον Plb. 27.1.7; κατ' ἐκεῖνο καιροῦ Conon 3, al.: more freq. in pl., κατὰ τούτους τοὺς κ. Arist. Ath. 23.2, al., cf. Plb. 2.39.1; τὰ κατὰ καιρούς chronological sequence of events, Id. 5.33.5; ἐν τοῖς πάλαι, ἐντοῖς μεταξὺ κ., Phld. Rh. 1.28,363 S.
4. in pl., οἱ καιροί the times, i. e. the state of affairs, freq. in bad sense, ἐν τοῖς μεγίστοις κ. at the most critical times, X. HG 6.5.33, cf. D. 20.44; περιστάντων τῇ πόλει κ. δυσκόλων IG 22.682.33, etc.: also in sg., X. An. 3.1.44, D. 17.9; ὁ ἔσχατος κ. extreme danger, Plb. 29.27.12, etc.; καιρῷ δουλεύειν AP 9.441 (Pall.). advantage, profit, τινος of or from a thing, Pi. O. 2.54, P. 1.57; εἴ τοι ἐς κ. ἔσται ταῦτα τελεόμενα to his advantage, Hdt. 1.206; ἐπὶ σῷ κ. S. Ph. 151 (lyr.); τίνα κ. με διδάσκεις; A. Supp. 1060 (lyr.); τί σοι καιρὸς.. καταλείβειν; what avails it..? E. Andr. 131 (lyr.); τίνος εἵνεκα καιροῦ; D. 23.182; οὗ κ. εἴη where it was convenient or advantageous, Th. 4.54; ᾗ κ. ἦν ib. 90; Χωρίον μετὰ μεγίστων κ. οἰκειοῦταί τε καὶ πολεμοῦται with the greatest odds, the most critical results, Id. 1.36. Pythag. name for seven, Theol.Ar. 44.
καιρός, καιροῦ, ὁ (derived by some from κάρα or κάρη, τό, the head, summit (others besides; cf. Vanicek, p. 118)); the Sept. for עֵת and מועֵד; in Greek writings (from Hesiod down):
1. due measure; nowhere so in the Biblical writings.
2. a measure of time; a larger or smaller portion of time; hence,
a. universally, a fixed and definite time: Romans 13:11; 2 Corinthians 6:2; ὕστεροι καιροί, 1 Timothy 4:1; ἄχρι καιροῦ, up to a certain time, for a season, Luke 4:13 (but in ἄχρι, 1 b. referred apparently to b. below; cf. Fritzsche, Romans, i., p. 309f); Acts 13:11; πρός καιρόν, for a certain time only, for a season, Luke 8:13; 1 Corinthians 7:5; πρός καιρόν ὥρας, for the season of an hour, i. e. for a short season, 1 Thessalonians 2:17; κατά καιρόν, at certain seasons (from time to time), John 5:4 (R G L); at the (divinely) appointed time, Romans 5:6 (others bring this under b.); before the time appointed, Matthew 8:29; 1 Corinthians 4:5; ἔσται καιρός, ὅτε etc. 2 Timothy 4:3; ὀλίγον καιρόν ἔχει, a short time (in which to exercise his power) has been granted him, Revelation 12:12; ἐν ἐκείνῳ τῷ καιρῷ, Matthew 11:25; Matthew 12:1; Matthew 14:1; Ephesians 2:12; κατ' ἐκεῖνον τῷ καιρῷ, Acts 12:1; Acts 19:23; κατά τῷ καιρῷ τοῦτον, Romans 9:9; ἐν αὐτῷ τῷ καιρῷ Luke 13:1; ἐν ᾧ καιρῷ, Acts 7:20; ἐν τῷ νῦν καιρῷ, Romans 3:26; Romans 11:5; 2 Corinthians 8:14 (13); ἐν παντί καιρῷ always, at every season (Aristotle, top. 3, 2, 4, p. 117{a}, 35), Luke 21:36; Ephesians 6:18; εἰς τινα καιρόν, 1 Peter 1:11. with the genitive of a thing, the time of etc. i. e. at which it will occur: τῆς ἐμῆς ἀναλύσεώς, 2 Timothy 4:6; τῆς ἐπισκοπῆς, 1 Peter 5:6 Lachmann; Luke 19:44; περιασμου, Luke 8:13; τοῦ ἄρξασθαι τό κρίμα, for judgment to begin, 1 Peter 4:17; καιροί τῶν λόγων, of the time when they shall be proved by the event, Luke 1:20; — or when a thing usually comes to pass: τοῦ θερισμοῦ, Matthew 13:30; τῶν καρπῶν, when the fruits ripen, Matthew 21:34, 41; σύκων, Mark 11:13. with the genitive of a person: καιποι ἐθνῶν, the time granted to the Gentiles, until God shall take vengeance on them, Luke 21:24; ὁ ἑαυτοῦ (T Tr WH αὐτοῦ) καιρῷ, the time when antichrist shall show himself openly, 2 Thessalonians 2:6; ὁ καιρός μου, the time appointed for my death, Matthew 26:18; τῶν νεκρῶν κριθῆναι, the time appointed for the dead to be recalled to life and judged, Revelation 11:18 (Buttmann, 260 (224)); ὁ ἐμός, ὁ ὑμέτερος, the time for appearing in public, appointed (by God) for me, for you, John 7:6, 8; καιρῷ ἰδίῳ, the time suited to the thing under consideration, at its proper time, Galatians 6:9; plural, 1 Timothy 2:6; 1 Timothy 6:15; Titus 1:3. ὁ καιρός alone, the time when things are brought to a crisis, the decisive epoch waited for: so of the time when the Messiah will visibly return from heaven, Mark 13:33; ὁ καιρός ἤγγικεν, Luke 21:8; ἐγγύς ἐστιν, Revelation 1:3; Revelation 22:10.
b. opportune or seasonable time: with verbs suggestive of the idea of advantage, καιρόν μεταλαμβάνειν, Acts 24:25; ἔχειν, Galatians 6:10 (Plutarch, Luc. 16); ἐξαγοράζεσθαι, Ephesians 5:16; Colossians 4:5, see ἐξαγοράζω, 2; followed by an infinitive, opportunity to do something, Hebrews 11:15; παρά καιρόν ἡλικίας, past the opportunity of life (A. V. past age), Hebrews 11:11 (simply παρά καιρόν, Pindar Ol. 8, 32; several times in Plato, cf. Ast, Platonic Lexicon, ii., p. 126).
c. the right time: ἐν καιρῷ (often in classical Greek), in due season, Matthew 24:45; Luke 12:42; Luke 20:10 R G L ((stereotype edition only)); 1 Peter 5:6; also καιρῷ, Luke 20:10 L T Tr WH; τό καιρῷ, Mark 12:2.
d. a (limited) period of time: (1 Corinthians 7:29); plural the periods prescribed by God to the nations, and bounded by their rise and fall, Acts 17:26; καιροί καρποφοροι, the seasons of the year in which the fruits grow and ripen, Acts 14:17 (cf. Genesis 1:14, the Sept.); καιρόν καί καιρούς καί ἥμισυ καιροῦ, a year and two years and six months (A. V. a time, and times, and half a time; cf. Winer's Grammar, § 27, 4), Revelation 12:14 (cf. 6; from Daniel 7:25; Daniel 12:7); stated seasons of the year solemnly kept by the Jews, and comprising several days, as the passover, pentecost, feast of tabernacles, Galatians 4:10 (2 Chronicles 8:13; cf. Baruch 1:14). in the divine arrangement of time adjusted to the economy of salvation: καιρός (πεπλήρωται), the preappointed period which according to the purpose of God must elapse before the divine kingdom could be founded by Christ, Mark 1:15; plural, the several parts of this period, Ephesians 1:10; ὁ καιρός ὁ ἐνεστως, the present period, equivalent to ὁ αἰών οὗτος (see αἰών, 3), Hebrews 9:9, opposed to καιρός διορθώσεως, the time when the whole order of things will be reformed (equivalent to αἰών μέλλων), Hebrews 9:10; ὁ καιρός οὗτος, equivalent to ὁ αἰών οὗτος (see αἰών, 3), Mark 10:30; Luke 18:30; ὁ νῦν καιρός, Romans 8:18; ἐν καιρῷ ἐσχάτῳ, the last period of the present age, the time just before the return of Christ from heaven (see ἔσχατος, 1 under the end, etc.), 1 Peter 1:5; καιροί ἀναψύξεως ἀπό προσώπου τοῦ κυρίου, denotes the time from the return of Christ on, the times of the consummated divine kingdom, Acts 3:20 (19).
e. as often in Greek writings, and like the Latintempus, καιρός; is equivalent to what time brings, the state of the times, the things and events of time: Luke 12:56; δουλεύειν τῷ καιρῷ, Latintempori servire (see δουλεύω, 2 a.), Romans 12:11 Rec.st; τά σημεῖα τῶν καιρῶν, equivalent to ἅ οἱ καιροί σημαινουσι, Matthew 16:3 (here T brackets WH reject the passage); καιροί χαλεποί, 2 Timothy 3:1; χρονοι ἤ καιροί (times or seasons, German Zeitumstände), Acts 1:7; οἱ χρονοι καί οἱ καιροί 1 Thessalonians 5:1; and in the opposite order, Daniel 2:21 the Sept.; Wis. 8:8. [SYNONYMS: καιρός, χρόνος: χρόνος time, in general; καιρός a definitely limited portion of time, with the added notion of suitableness. Yet while, on the one hand, its meaning may be so sharply marked as to permit such a combination as χρόνου καιρός 'the nick of time,' on the other, its distinctive sense may so far recede as to allow it to be used as nearly equivalent to χρόνος; cf. Thomas Magister, Ritschl edition, p. 206, 15ff (after Ammonius under the word); p. 215, 10ff καιρός οὐ μόνον ἐπί χρόνου ἁπλῶς τίθεται, ἀλλά καί ἐπί τοῦ ἁρμοδιου καί πρεποντος, κτλ.; Schmidt, chapter 44; Trench, § lvii.; Tittmann i. 41ff; Cope on Aristotle, rhet. l, 7, 32. "In modern Greek καιρός means weather, χρόνος year. In both words the kernel of meaning has remained unaltered; this in the case of καιρός is changeableness, of χρόνος duration." Curtius, Etym., p. 110f]
Copyright © 2002, 2003, 2006, 2011 by Biblesoft, Inc.
All rights rserved. Used by permission. BibleSoft.com
καιρός , -οῦ , ὁ ,
[in LXX chiefly for H6256, also for H4150, etc.;]
1. due measure, fitness, proportion (Eur., Xen., al.).
2. Of Time (cl. also) in the sense of a fixed and definite period, time, season (Kennedy, Sources, 153): Matthew 11:25, Mark 1:15, Luke 21:8, Romans 13:11, Ephesians 6:18, Hebrews 11:15, 1 Peter 1:5; 1 Peter 1:11 Revelation 1:3, al.; c. gen., πειρασμοῦ Luke 8:13; τ . καρπῶν , Matthew 21:34; σύκων , Mark 11:13; pl., Matthew 21:41; χρόνοι ἢ (καὶ ) κ ., Acts 1:7, 1 Thessalonians 5:1; ἐθνῶν , Luke 21:24; of opportune or seasonable time, Acts 24:25, Galatians 6:10, Ephesians 5:16, Colossians 4:5; c. inf., Hebrews 11:15; ὁ κ . οὗτος , Mark 10:30, Luke 18:30; ὁ νῦν κ . (Dalman, Words, 148), Romans 8:18; ὁ κ . ὁ ἐμός , John 7:6; κ . δεκτῲ , 2 Corinthians 6:2 (LXX); δουλεύειν τῷ κ ., Romans 12:11, R, mg.; τ . σημεῖα τῶν κ ., Matthew 16:3; adverbial usages: ἐν κ ., Matthew 24:45, 1 Peter 5:6 (cf. καιρῷ , Luke 20:10; τῷ κ ., Mark 12:2); ἄχρι καιροῦ , Luke 4:13; πρὸς καιρόν , Luke 8:13, 1 Corinthians 7:5; κατὰ καιρόν , Romans 5:6; πρὸ καιροῦ , Matthew 8:29.
SYN.: (χρόνος =G5550) time in the sense of duration.
Copyright © 1922 by G. Abbott-Smith, D.D., D.C.L.. T & T Clarke, London.
For the idea of ";fitting season,"; ";opportunity,"; which is specially associated with this word, we may cite such passages as PSI IV. 375.8 (B.C. 250–49) ὡς ἄν σοι καιρὸς γένηται, P Oxy I. 37i. 15 (A.D. 49) (= Selections, p. 50) καιρὸν εὑροῦσ [α ] εἰσεπήδησεν εἰς τὴν τοῦ ἡμετέρου [ο ]ἰκίαν καὶ τὸ σωμάτιον ἀφήρπασεν, ";seizing a favourable opportunity, she burst into my client’s house, and carried off the foundling";—an advocate speaks, P Amh II. 130.10 (A.D. 70) οὔτε κερὸν (l. καιρὸν) γ ̣ν ̣ούς, ";and perceived no opportunity,"; P Meyer 20.20 (1st half ii/A.D.) συνπεριφέρου τῷ καιρῷ ἕως σε καταλάβω, ";adapt yourself to circumstances until I join you,"; ib. .22 βλέπετε καὶ ὑμεῖς τὸν καιρο ̣ν, P Tebt II. 332.9 (A.D. 176) ἐπῆλθάν τινες λῃστρικῷ τρόπῳ οἰκίαν μου. . . καιρὸν λαβόμενοι τῆς ἐκκυτ (= οιτ)είας μου, ";certain persons broke into my house in a thievish manner taking advantage of my absence."; Cf. also such phrases as P Par 46.7 (B.C. 157) ἐν τοῖς ἀναγκαιοτάτοις καιροῖς. BGU IV, 1185.4 (end i/B.C.) ἐν τοῖς. . ἐπείγουσι κα [ιρ ]οῖς, P Amh II. 87.20 (A.D. 125) τῷ δήοντι καιρῷ, ";at the due time,"; and in plur. ib. 91.13 (A.D. 159) τοῖς δεοῦσι καιροῖς, P Giss I. 19.4 (ii/A.D.) διὰ τὰ ὄν [τα τ ]οῦ καιροῦ φημιζόμενα. The word passes into the meaning ";crisis"; in the interesting letter P Lond 42.15 (B.C. 168) (= I. p. 30, Selections, p. 10) which a wife addresses to her husband ";in retreat"; in the Serapeum telling him of her difficulties, and of having piloted herself and child ";out of such a crisis";—ἐκ τοῦ το [ιού ]του καιροῦ ἐμαυτή [ν ] τε καὶ τὸ παιδί [ον σ ]ου διακεκυβερνηκυῖα, and ib. .24 ὡς ἔτ [ι ] σοῦ παρ [όν ]τος πάντων ἐπεδεόμη ̣ν ̣, μὴ ὅτι γε τοσούτου χρόνου ἐπιγεγονότος καὶ τοιούτων καιρῶν, ";while you were still at home, I went short altogether, not to mention how long a time has elapsed with such disasters."; In P Tebt II. 272.14 (late ii/A.D.) οἱ καιροί are used of ";the stages"; of a fever. For a happier connotation see the mantic P Ryl I. 28.153 (iv/A.D.) γαστροκνημία δεξιὰ ἐὰν ἅλληται ἐξ ἀπροσδοκήτου προσλήμψεταί τι κατὰ τὸν βίον καὶ ἕξει τοῦ καιροῦ, ";if the right calf quiver, the person will unexpectedly acquire something in his life and will have prosperity"; (Edd.). Adverbial phrases are seen in P Fay 90.17 (A.D. 234) τὴν ἐπὶ τοῦ καιροῦ ἐσο (μένην) πλίστην τεί (μην), ";the highest price current,"; P Ryl 11. 76.9 (late ii/A.D.) τῶν κατὰ καιρὸν ἐπιτρόπων τε καὶ ἡγεμόνων, ";successive procurators and praefects"; (Edd.), ib. 104.9 (A.D. 167) ταῖς κατὰ καιρὸν κατ᾽ οἰκ (ίαν) [ἀ ]πογρα (φαῖς), ";the successive household censuses,"; P Lond 974.5 (A.D. 305–6) (= III. p. 116) τῶν κατὰ καιρὸν εἴδων ὀπωριμείων, ";fruits in season."; As showing the transition to the meaning ";weather,"; which the word has in MGr, cf. PSI V. 486.10 (B.C. 258–7) ὁ γὰρ καιρὸς ὁ βε ̣[λ ]τ ̣ι ̣σ ̣τ ̣ος ἐνέστηκε, P Oxy X. 1257.3 (iii/A.D.) τοῦ καιροῦ λήξαντος τῆς παραδόσεως σίτου, ";the time for the delivery of corn had passed"; (Edd.), P Fay 133.9 (iv/A.D.) ὁ καιρὸς νῦν ἐστιν ὀψιμώτερος, ";the season is now rather late,"; ib. 135.2 (iv/A.D.) τοῦ καιροῦ καλέσαντος τῆς συνκομιδῆς ὀϕ ̣[ . . ., ";as the season requires the gathering . . . "; (Edd.). The adj. καίριμος is applied to ";seasoned"; wine in P Flor II. 139*.2 (A.D. 264), cf. ib. 143.2, 266.3, P Rein 53.2 (iii/iv A.D.) (where, however, the editor translates doubtfully ";au moment le plus opportun(?)";), and the compd. verb καιροτηρέω, ";wait for a favourable opportunity,"; occurs in P Amh II. 35.3 (B.C. 132), BGU III. 909.6 (A.D. 359). See also P Lond 379.3 (iii/A.D. ?) (= II. p. 162) ἀκαιρί. ";at inconvenient seasons."; For the relation of καιρός to χρόνος see Trench Syn. § lvii., Rhein, Mus. N.F. lix. (1904), p. 233 ff., and for a discussion of the Greek idea of καιρός see Butcher Harvard Lectures on Greek Subjects, p. 117 ff. In MGr χρόνος = ";year,"; and καιρός = ";weather.";
Copyright © 1914, 1929, 1930 by James Hope Moulton and George Milligan. Hodder and Stoughton, London.
Derivative Copyright © 2015 by Allan Loder.