Bible Lexicons

עַד m. (from the foot עָדָה to pass over, to go on)

(A) subst.

(1) pr. passing, progress, (in space), then duration (of time). Hence perpetuity of time, eternity, i.q. עוֹלָם. אֲבִי־עַד perpetual father (of his country), [?] Isaiah 9:5 [Christ]. הַרְרֵי עַד Habakkuk 3:6, and הוֹרַי עַד Genesis 49:26 eternal mountains, those which are to endure continually, לָעַד Psalms 9:19, 19:10 more fully לְעוֹלָם וָעֶד Psalms 9:6 עוֹלָם וָעֶד Psalms 10:16, 21:5 45:7 עֲדֵי־עַד Psalms 83:18 עַד־עוֹלְמֵי עַד Isaiah 45:17 for ever.

(2) prey, spoil (see the root No. 2, Ch. עֲדָא, עֲדִי, עֲדָאָה prey, spoil), Genesis 49:27; Zephaniah 3:8; Isaiah 33:22.

(B) prep. poet.עֲדֵי (like עֲלֵי, אֱלֵי), with suff. עָדַי, עָדֶיךָ, עָדָיו, also עָדֵיכֶם (the Kametz being retained which is unusual), Job 32:12 once עַד־הֵם for עֲדֵיהֶם 2 Kings 9:18.

(1) while so long as, ἕως (während). 2 Kings 9:22, עַד זְנוּנֵי אִיזֶבֶל “so long as the whoredoms of Jezebel (continue).” 1 Kings 18:45, עַד כֹּה וְעַד כֹּה “while so and while so (it was done),” i.e. meanwhile, gradually, little by little. Job 20:5, עֲדֵי רֶגַע “during a moment.” Followed by inf. Judges 3:26, עַד־הִתְמַהְמְהָם “while they waited.”

(2) to, even to some certain limit. It is used

(a) prop. of space (from the signification of passing on), as עַד הַנָּהָר הַגָּדוֹל even to the great river, Deuteronomy 1:7 עַד דָּן even to the town of Dan, Genesis 14:14. In opposition to one another are used, מִן … עַד, מִן … וְעַד (see מִן No. 3, let. ), and where there are many terms, and a transition from one to another וְעַד, … מִן … עַד … עַד Genesis 7:23; Numbers 8:4; Jeremiah 31:40; 1 Samuel 17:32, 52 1 Samuel 17:52In the later Hebrew there frequently occurs עַד לְ even to, Ezra 9:4; Esther 4:2 hence עַד לְמֵרָחוֹק even to afar off, Ezra 3:13; 2 Chronicles 26:13 (compare עַד מֵרָחוֹק Isaiah 57:9); once עַד אֲלֵיהֶם even to them, 2 Kings 9:20. The particle אֶל and this differ properly in this respect: that אֶל signifies nothing but motion and direction towards some limit. עַד on the contrary implies an actual arrival quite to such a limit; e.g. בּוֹא עַד (see בּוֹא No. 2,.); נָגַע עַד to attain unto, Job 4:5 מָצָא עַד Job 11:7 נָגַשׁ עַד Judges 9:52 but this distinction is not always observed, as is clearly shewn by the phrases הִתְבּוֹנֵן עַד to attend to, Job 32:12, 38:18 (in other places followed by עַל, אֶלּ); הֶאֱזִין עַד Numbers 23:18. עַר לַדָּבָר הַזֶּה Ezra 10:14 “with regard to this thing.” Followed by inf. even until (anything comes to pass), Numbers 32:13 in the later Hebrew עַד לְ Ezra 10:14; 1 Chronicles 5:3.

(b) of time. עַד הַיּוֹם הַזֶּה even unto this day, i.e. (the limit being included; as to the distinction of the particles حتي=עַד and الى, the former of which includes the limit, the latter excludes it, compare De Sacy, Gramm. Arab. I. § 830, No.3); even this day, even now, Genesis 26:33, 32:33. עַד הַבֹּקֶר until the morning, Judges 6:31 עַד הָעֶרֶב until the evening, Leviticus 15:5 poet. עֲדֵי עֶרֶב Psalms 104:23. Often followed by adverbs of time; as עַד־אָנָה, עַד־מָה, עַד־מָתַי until when. i.e. how long? (see אָנָה, מָה, מָתַי ) עַד הֵנָּה (contr. עֲדֶנָּה) עַתָּה עַד כֹּה, עַד hitherto (see הֵנָּה, כֹּה, עַתָּה ); עַד בְּלִי, עַד בִּלְתִּי until (there is) none (or nothing); see בְּלִי, בִּלְתִּי.

(c) used of degree, especially with reference to a greater, and also to the highest, עַד מְאֹד, עַד לִמְאֹד even to the highest degree, i.e. exceedingly; עַד־מְהֵרָה unto the (greatest) haste, i.e. very fast; עַד לְמַעְלָה unto the highest degree, i.e. exceedingly (see מַעַל No. II.); עַד אֵין מִסְפָּר until there is no numbering, Psalms 40:13 (compare עַד לְאֵין מ׳ 2 Chronicles 36:16); עַד אֶפֶם מָקוֹם until there is no place left, Isaiah 5:8. Hence even, adeo, Numbers 8:4, and, with a negative particle following, not even. לֹא … עַד אֶחָד not even one, Judges 4:16; 2 Samuel 17:22; Haggai 2:19, עַד הַגֶּפֶן וְהַתְּאֵנָה … לֹא נָשָׂא “even the vine and the fig-tree … bear no fruit;” Job 25:5. Also its use is singular in comparisons, when it is properly, to attain even unto another who is distinguished in any thing (bis zu dem Grade wie), 1 Chronicles 4:27, “but their family did not multiply עַד בְּנֵי יְהוּדָה up to the children of Judah,” i.e. like the children of Judah; Nahum 1:10, עַד סִירִים נְבֻכִים “they are woven together, even as thorns,” i.e. like thorns. Compare בּוֹא No. 2, c.

(C) Conj.

(1) while (compare B, 1), followed by a pret. 1 Samuel 14:19 followed by a fut. Job 8:21 part. ib. 1:18, compare 16 Job 1:16, 17 Job 1:17. עַד שֶׁ id. Song of Solomon 1:12 עַד לֹא Proverbs 8:26 and עַד אֲשֶׁר לֹא Ecclesiastes 12:1, Ecclesiastes 12:2, Ecclesiastes 12:6, “while (there was) not,” i.q. בְּטֶרֶם before that; Syr. ܥܰܕܥܳ Matthew 1:18, for the Gr. πρινή.

(2) until, so long as, used of a limit of time (compare letter B, 2, b), followed by a pret. Joshua 2:22, עַד שָׁבוּ הָרֹדְפִים “until the pursuers returned;” Ezekiel 39:15 followed by a fut. Genesis 38:11; Hosea 10:12. More fully עַד אֲשֶׁר until that, followed by a pret. Deuteronomy 2:14; Judges 4:24 followed by a fut. Numbers 11:20; Hosea 5:15 עַד שֶׁ Song of Solomon 3:4; Judges 5:7 עַד כִּי id. Genesis 26:13 עַד אִם Genesis 24:19; Isaiah 30:17 עַד אֲשֶׁר אִם Genesis 28:15; Numbers 32:17; Isaiah 6:11. The limit of time itself (not the interval of time up to the limit) is signified in these words, 1 Samuel 1:22, עַד יִגָּמֵל הַנַּעַר וַהֲבִיאֹתִיו “until the child be weaned [then] I will bring him,” for, when he shall have been weaned; compare Ch. עַד אָחֳרֵין and the idiom of the south and west of Germany, bis Sonntag reife ich, i.e. on next Sunday itself. There is properly an ellipsis in these examples, which may be thus explained, “until when the child be weaned (he shall remain with me), then I will bring him.” It has also been often observed (see Noldii Concord. Part. P. 534; Glassii Philol. S. p. 382, ed. Dathii, interpreters on Psalms 110:1, and on the other hand, Fritzsche on Matt. p. 853, seq.; Winer’s Lex. p. 695), that the particle עַד sometimes, also includes the times beyond the stated limit; but this is manifestly false, so far as this is supposed to lie in the power of this particle from any singular usage of the Hebrew language. But, on the other hand, it is not less certain that the sacred writers have not stated the extreme limit in places of this kind, but have mentioned a nearer limit without excluding the time beyond. When any one setting out on a journey says to a friend, “Farewell till we meet again” (lebewohl bis auf Wiederfehn!), he is now indeed resting on this nearer limit, although wishing well to his friend after his return as well. In the same manner are we to judge of the passages, Psalms 110:1 [?]; 112:8 Daniel 2:21; Genesis 28:15; 1 Timothy 4:13 compare Hengstenberg, De Authentia Libri Danielis, p. 66, 67.

(3) even to (a great) degree, i.e. even that, so that (compare Arab. حتى and Horst ad Motenabbii Carmen, Bonnæ 1823, verse 1) Isaiah 47:1, “thou hast said, I shall rule for ever, עַד לֹא שַׂמְתְּ אֵלֶּה עַל לִבֵּךְ even that (thou hast gone so far in insolence and pride, that) thou didst not lay these things to heart;” Job 14:6; 1 Samuel 2:5, 20:41 more fully עַד אֲשֶׁר Joshua 17:14 (unless it should be read עַל אֲשֶׁר).

עַד Chald. i.q. Heb.

(A) Prep.

(1) within, during (während). עַד יוֹמִין תְּלָתִין within thirty days, Daniel 6:8, 13.

(2) until, even until, used of time, e.g. עַד כְּעַן until now, Ezra 5:16 but עַד אָחֳרֵין until the last, is i.q. at last, Daniel 4:5.

(3) to, for, used of purpose and end. עַד־דּבְרַת דִּי to the end that, Daniel 4:14, i.q. עַל דִּבְרַת דַּי 2:30.

(B) עַד דִּי Conj.

(1) while, when meanwhile. Daniel 6:25, “they (the men cast into the den) had not yet reached the bottom of the den, when meanwhile (עַד דִּי) the lions seized them.”

(2) until that, Daniel 4:30, 7:22.