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Bible Dictionaries
Sun
Vine's Expository Dictionary of OT Words
or Shemesh (שֶׁמֶשׁ, Strong's #8121), “sun; Shamshu (?); sunshield; battlement.” Cognates of this word occur in Ugaritic (sh-p-sh), Akkadian, Aramaic, Phoenician, and Arabic. It appears 134 times in biblical Hebrew and in all periods.
This word means “sun”: “And when the sun was going down, a deep sleep fell upon Abram …” (Gen. 15:12—the first occurrence of the word). The “wings of the sun” are probably its rays (Mal. 4:2). The “sun” and especially its regularity supported by divine sovereignty (Gen. 8:22) figures the security of God’s allies: “So let all thine enemies perish, O Lord: but let them that love him be as the sun when he goeth forth in his might” (Judg. 5:31). God can also make the “sun” stand still when He wishes (Josh. 10:12-13) or darken as an indication of His judgment upon His enemies and salvation for His people (Joel 2:31-32). The “sun” and all the heavenly bodies were created by God (Gen. 1:16) and are summoned to praise Him (Ps. 148:3). The Canaanites and other people worshiped the “sun” as a god, and this paganism appeared among Israelites in times of spiritual decline (Deut. 4:19). In 2 Kings 23:5 perhaps one could translate: “Those who burned incense to Shamshu” (cf. v. 11). Perhaps passages like Ps. 148:3 are allusions to the sun god (although this is questionable).
Shemesh is used in phrases indicating direction. The east is “the rising of the sun”: “And they journeyed from Oboth, … toward the sunrising” (Num. 21:11). The west is “the setting of the sun”: “Are they not on the other side of Jordan, by the way where the sun goeth down …?” (Deut. 11:30). In Ps. 84:11 the word represents a sunshaped shield: “For the Lord God is a sun and shield.…”
Shemesh may be a structural term: “And I will make thy windows [NASB, “battlements”] of agates, and thy gates of carbuncles …” (Isa. 54:12).
There are a few noteworthy phrases related to shemesh. To be “before the sun” or “before the eyes of the sun” is to be openly exposed: “Take all the heads of the people, and hang them up before the Lord against the sun [NASB, “in broad daylight”] …” (Num. 25:4). To “see the sun” is “to live”: “… Like the untimely birth of a woman, that they may not see the sun” (Ps. 58:8). Something “under the sun” is life lived on the earth apart from God in contrast to life lived on earth with a proper relationship with God (Eccl. 1:3).
These files are public domain.
Vines, W. E., M. A. Entry for 'Sun'. Vine's Expository Dictionary of OT Words. https://www.studylight.org/dictionaries/eng/vot/s/sun.html. 1940.
