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Thursday, November 21st, 2024
the Week of Proper 28 / Ordinary 33
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Wine
Easton's Bible Dictionary
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The common Hebrew word for wine is
Yayin , From a root meaning "to boil up," "to be in a ferment." Others derive it from a root meaning "to tread out," and hence the juice of the grape trodden out. The Greek word for wine is
Oinos_, and the Latin _vinun . But besides this common Hebrew word, there are several others which are thus rendered.
Ashishah ( 2 Samuel 6:19; 1 Chronicles 16:3; Song of Solomon 2:5; Hosea 3:1 ), which, however, rather denotes a solid cake of pressed grapes, or, as in the Revised Version, a cake of raisins.
'Asis, "sweet wine," or "new wine," the product of the same year (Song of Solomon 8:2; Isaiah 49:26; Joel 1:5; 3:18; Amos 9:13 ), from a root meaning "to tread," hence juice trodden out or pressed out, thus referring to the method by which the juice is obtained. The power of intoxication is ascribed to it.
Hometz. See VINEGAR .
Hemer, Deuteronomy 32:14 (rendered "blood of the grape") Isaiah 27:2 ("red wine"), Ezra 6:9; 7:22; Daniel 5:1,2,4 . This word conveys the idea of "foaming," as in the process of fermentation, or when poured out. It is derived from the root Hamar , meaning "to boil up," and also "to be red," from the idea of boiling or becoming inflamed.
'Enabh, a grape ( Deuteronomy 32:14 ). The last clause of this verse should be rendered as in the Revised Version, "and of the blood of the grape ['enabh] thou drankest wine [hemer]." In Hosea 3:1 the phrase in Authorized Version, "flagons of wine," is in the Revised Version correctly "cakes of raisins." (Compare Genesis 49:11; Numbers 6:3; Deuteronomy 23:24 , etc., where this Hebrew word is rendered in the plural "grapes.")
Mesekh, properly a mixture of wine and water with spices that increase its stimulating properties (Isaiah 5:22 ). Psalm 75:8 , "The wine [yayin] is red; it is full of mixture [mesekh];" Proverbs 23:30 , "mixed wine;" Isaiah 65:11 , "drink offering" (RSV, "mingled wine").
Tirosh, properly "must," translated "wine" (Deuteronomy 28:51 ); "new wine" (Proverbs 3:10 ); "sweet wine" (Micah 6:15; RSV, "vintage"). This Hebrew word has been traced to a root meaning "to take possession of" and hence it is supposed that tirosh is so designated because in intoxicating it takes possession of the brain. Among the blessings promised to Esau (Genesis 27:28 ) mention is made of "plenty of corn and tirosh." Palestine is called "a land of corn and tirosh" (Deuteronomy 33:28; Compare Isaiah 36:17 ). See also Deuteronomy 28:51; 2 Chronicles 32:28; Joel 2:19; Hosea 4:11 , ("wine [yayin] and new wine [tirosh] take away the heart").
Sobhe (root meaning "to drink to excess," "to suck up," "absorb"), found only in Isaiah 1:22 , Hosea 4:18 ("their drink;" Gesen. and marg. of RSV, "their carouse"), and Nahum 1:10 ("drunken as drunkards;" lit., "soaked according to their drink;" RSV, "drenched, as it were, in their drink", i.e., according to their sobhe).
Shekar, "strong drink," any intoxicating liquor; from a root meaning "to drink deeply," "to be drunken", a generic term applied to all fermented liquors, however obtained. Numbers 28:7 , "strong wine" (RSV, "strong drink"). It is sometimes distinguished from wine, c.g., Leviticus 10:9 , "Do not drink wine [yayin] nor strong drink [shekar];" Numbers 6:3; Judges 13:4,7; Isaiah 28:7 (in all these places rendered "strong drink"). Translated "strong drink" also in Isaiah 5:11; 24:9; 29:9; 56:12; Proverbs 20:1; 31:6; Micah 2:11 .
Yekebh (Deuteronomy 16:13 , but in RSV correctly "wine-press"), a vat into which the new wine flowed from the press. Joel 2:24 , "their vats;" 3:13, "the fats;" Proverbs 3:10 , "Thy presses shall burst out with new wine [tirosh];" Haggai 2:16; Jeremiah 48:33 , "wine-presses;" 2 Kings 6:27; Job 24:11 .
Shemarim (only in plural), "lees" or "dregs" of wine. In Isaiah 25:6 it is rendered "wines on the lees", i.e., wine that has been kept on the lees, and therefore old wine.
Mesek, "a mixture," mixed or spiced wine, not diluted with water, but mixed with drugs and spices to increase its strength, or, as some think, mingled with the lees by being shaken ( Psalm 75:8; Proverbs 23:30 ). In Acts 2:13 the word Gleukos , rendered "new wine," denotes properly "sweet wine." It must have been intoxicating.
In addition to wine the Hebrews also made use of what they called Debash , Which was obtained by boiling down must to one-half or one-third of its original bulk. In Genesis 43:11 this word is rendered "honey." It was a kind of syrup, and is called by the Arabs at the present day dibs. This word occurs in the phrase "a land flowing with milk and honey" (debash), Exodus 3:8,17; 13:5; 33:3; Leviticus 20:24; Numbers 13 :: 27 . (See HONEY .)
Our Lord miraculously supplied wine at the marriage feast in Cana of Galilee ( John 2:1-11 ). The Rechabites were forbidden the use of wine (Jeremiah 35 ). The Nazarites also were to abstain from its use during the period of their vow (Numbers 6:1-4 ); and those who were dedicated as Nazarites from their birth were perpetually to abstain from it (Judges 13:4,5; Luke 1:15; 7:33 ). The priests, too, were forbidden the use of wine and strong drink when engaged in their sacred functions (Leviticus 10:1,9-11 ). "Wine is little used now in the East, from the fact that Mohammedans are not allowed to taste it, and very few of other creeds touch it. When it is drunk, water is generally mixed with it, and this was the custom in the days of Christ also. The people indeed are everywhere very sober in hot climates; a drunken person, in fact, is never seen", (Geikie's Life of Christ). The sin of drunkenness, however, must have been not uncommon in the olden times, for it is mentioned either metaphorically or literally more than seventy times in the Bible.
A drink-offering of wine was presented with the daily sacrifice (Exodus 29:40,41 ), and also with the offering of the first-fruits (Leviticus 23:13 ), and with various other sacrifices (Numbers 15:5,7,10 ). Wine was used at the celebration of the Passover. And when the Lord's Supper was instituted, the wine and the unleavened bread then on the paschal table were by our Lord set apart as memorials of his body and blood.
Several emphatic warnings are given in the New Testament against excess in the use of wine (Luke 21:34; Romans 13:13; Ephesians 5:18; 1 Timothy 3:8; Titus 1:7 ).
Copyright Statement
These dictionary topics are from M.G. Easton M.A., D.D., Illustrated Bible Dictionary, Third Edition, published by Thomas Nelson, 1897. Public Domain.
Bibliography Information
Easton, Matthew George. Entry for 'Wine'. Easton's Bible Dictionary. https://www.studylight.org/dictionaries/eng/ebd/w/wine.html. 1897.
