Bible Commentaries
Romans

Introduction

WRITER

Throughout the history of the church, from post-apostolic times to the present, Christians have regarded Romans as having been one of the Apostle Paul’s epistles. [Note: See C. E. B. Cranfield, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans , 1:1-2.] Not only does the letter claim that he wrote it (Romans 1:1), but it develops many of the same ideas and uses the same terminology that appear in Paul’s earlier writings (e.g., Galatians 2; 1 Corinthians 12; 2 Corinthians 8-9).

Following his conversion on the Damascus Road (A.D. 34), Paul preached in Damascus, spent some time in Arabia, and then returned to Damascus. Next he traveled to Jerusalem where he met briefly with Peter and James. He then moved on to Tarsus, which was evidently his base of operations and from which he ministered for about six years (A.D. 37-43). In response to an invitation from Barnabas he moved to Antioch of Syria where he served for about five years (A.D. 43-48). He and Barnabas then set out on their so-called first missionary journey into Asia Minor (A.D. 48-49). Returning to Antioch Paul wrote the Epistle to the Galatians to strengthen the churches that he and Barnabas had just planted in Asia Minor (A.D. 49). After the Jerusalem Council (Acts 15), Paul took Silas and began his second missionary journey (A.D. 50-52) through Asia Minor and on westward into the Roman provinces of Macedonia and Achaia. From Corinth, Paul wrote 1 and 2 Thessalonians (A.D. 51). He proceeded to Ephesus by ship and then on to Syrian Antioch. From there he set out on his third missionary journey (A.D. 53-57). Passing through Asia Minor he arrived in Ephesus where he labored for three years (A.D. 53-56). During this time he wrote 1 Corinthians (A.D. 56). Finally Paul left Ephesus and traveled by land to Macedonia where he wrote 2 Corinthians (A.D. 56). He continued south and spent the winter of A.D. 56-57 in Corinth. There he wrote the Epistle to the Romans and sent it by Phoebe (Romans 16:1-2) to the Roman church.

The apostle then proceeded from Corinth by land clockwise around the Aegean Sea back to Troas in Asia where he boarded a ship and eventually reached Jerusalem. In Jerusalem, the Jews arrested Paul and imprisoned him (A.D. 57). He arrived in Rome as a prisoner and ministered there for two years (A.D. 60-62). During this time he wrote the Prison Epistles (Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, and Philemon). The Romans freed Paul, and he returned to the Aegean area. There he wrote 1 Timothy and Titus, experienced arrest again, suffered imprisonment in Rome a second time, wrote 2 Timothy, and died as a martyr under Nero in A.D. 68. [Note: See the appendix "Sequence of Paul’s Activities" at the end of these notes for more details.]

RECIPIENTS

We know very little about the founding of the church in Rome. According to Ambrosiaster, a church father who lived in the fourth century, an apostle did not found it (thus discrediting the Roman Catholic claim that Peter founded the church). A group of Jewish Christians did. [Note: William Sanday and Arthur C. Headlam, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans, p. xxv.] It is possible that these Jews became believers in Jerusalem on the day of Pentecost (cf. Acts 2:10) or at some other time quite early in the church’s history. By the time Paul wrote Romans the church in Rome was famous throughout the Roman Empire for its faith (Romans 1:8).

"The greeting in Romans does not imply a strongly knit church organization, and chapter 16 gives a picture of small groups of believers rather than of one large group." [Note: A. Berkeley Mickelsen, "Romans," in The Wycliffe Bible Commentary, p. 1179.]

PURPOSES

Paul wrote this epistle under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit for several reasons. [Note: See Philip R. Williams, "Paul’s Purpose in Writing Romans," Bibliotheca Sacra 128:509 (January-March 1971):62-67; Walter B. Russell, III, "An Alternative Suggestion for the Purpose of Romans," Bibliotheca Sacra 145:578 (April-June 1985):174-84; and Douglas J. Moo, The Epistle to the Romans, pp. 16-22.] He wanted to prepare the way for his intended visit to the church (Romans 15:22-24). He evidently hoped that Rome would become a base of operations and support for his pioneer missionary work in Spain and the western portions of the empire that he had not yet evangelized. His full exposition of the gospel in this letter would have provided a solid foundation for their participation in this mission.

As Paul looked forward to returning to Jerusalem between his departure from Corinth and his arrival in Rome, he was aware of the danger he faced (Romans 15:31). He may have written the exhaustive exposition of the gospel that we have in Romans to set forth his teaching in case he did not reach Rome. From Rome his doctrine could then go out to the rest of the empire as others preached it. Paul may have viewed Romans as his legacy to the church, his last will and testament.

Another reason for writing Romans was undoubtedly Paul’s desire to minister to the spiritual needs of the Christians in Rome even though they were in good spiritual condition (Romans 15:14-16). The common problems of all the early churches were dangers to the Roman church as well. These difficulties included internal conflicts, mainly between Jewish and Gentile believers, and external threats from false teachers. Paul gave both of these potential problems attention in this epistle (Romans 15:1-8; Romans 16:17-20).

"He felt that the best protection against the infection of false teaching was the antiseptic of the truth." [Note: William Barclay, The Letter to the Romans, p. xxii.]

Paul also wrote Romans as he did because he was at a transition point in his ministry, as he mentioned at the end of chapter 15. His ministry in the Aegean region was solid enough that he planned to leave it and move farther west into new virgin missionary territory. Before he did that, he planned to visit Jerusalem, where he realized he would be in danger. Probably, therefore, Paul wrote Romans as he did to leave a full exposition of the gospel in good hands if his ministry ended prematurely in Jerusalem.

"The peculiar position of the apostle at the time of writing, as he reviews the past and anticipates the future, enables us to understand the absence of controversy in this epistle, the conciliatory attitude, and the didactic and apologetic elements which are all found combined herein." [Note: W. H. Griffith Thomas, St. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans, p. 20.]

GENRE

Twenty-one of the 27 New Testament books are letters, and they compose about 35 percent of the New Testament. Paul wrote 13 of these letters, making him the most prolific New Testament letter writer. Paul’s letters make up about one-quarter of the New Testament. He wrote more of the New Testament than anyone except Luke.

"While letters were by no means unknown in the world of the ancient Near East (see, e.g., 2 Samuel 11:14-15; Ezra 4-5), it was in the Greco-Roman world that the letter became an established and popular method of communication." [Note: Donald A. Carson and Douglas J. Moo, An Introduction to the New Testament, p. 332.]

Greco-Roman letters typically contained an address and greeting, a body, and a conclusion. Christian letters also usually contained a doxology or benediction after the conclusion.

Adolf Deissmann distinguished between "letters" (unstudied, private communications) and "epistles" (carefully composed, public pieces of literature). [Note: Adolf Deissmann, "Prolegomena to the Biblical Letters and Epistles," in Bible Studies, pp. 1-59.] This rigid distinction is no longer popular since most scholars view these categories as representing the polar extremes on a continuum. Both secular and inspired correspondences fall somewhere in between. Romans is closer to Deissmann’s "epistle" category than to his "letter" category.

Letters were not a typical method of religious instruction in Judaism. New Testament letter writers evidently adopted this method of instruction for two main reasons. As the church grew fast and spread from Jerusalem to many distant places, its leaders needed a method that enabled them to communicate at a distance. Also, letters enabled the apostles to convey a sense of personal immediacy and establish their personal presence with the converts. [Note: Carson and Moo, p. 331.]

CHARACTERISTICS

The great contribution of this letter to the body of New Testament inspired revelation is its reasoned explanation of how God’s righteousness can become man’s possession.

The Book of Romans is distinctive among Paul’s inspired writings in several respects. It was one of the few letters he wrote to churches with which he had had no personal dealings. The only other epistle of this kind was Colossians. It is also a formal treatise within a personal letter. [Note: For further discussion of the literary genre of Romans, see Robert E. Longacre and Wilber B. Wallis, "Soteriology and Eschatology in Romans," Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 41:3 (September 1998):367-82.] Paul expounded on the gospel in this treatise. He probably did so in this epistle rather than in another because the church in Rome was at the heart of the Roman Empire. As such it was able to exert great influence in the dissemination of the gospel. For these two reasons Romans is more formal and less personal than most of Paul’s other epistles.

Romans is the longest of Paul’s epistles with 7,114 words. It may have been placed first in the collection of Paul’s epistles in the New Testament because of its length, which seems probable, or because of its importance.

VALUE

The Epistle to the Romans is, by popular consent, the greatest of Paul’s writings. William Tyndale, the great English reformer and translator, referred to Romans as "the principle and most excellent part of the New Testament." He went on to say the following in his prologue to Romans that he wrote in the 1534 edition of his English New Testament.

"No man verily can read it too oft or study it too well; for the more it is studied the easier it is, the more it is chewed the pleasanter it is, and the more groundly [sic] it is searched the preciouser [sic] things are found in it, so great treasures of spiritual things lieth hid therein." [Note: Quoted by F. F. Bruce, The Letter of Paul to the Romans, p. 9.]

Martin Luther wrote the following commendation of this epistle.

"[Romans] is worthy not only that every Christian should know it word for word, by heart, but occupy himself with it every day, as the daily bread of the soul. It can never be read or pondered too much, and the more it is dealt with the more precious it becomes, and the better it tastes." [Note: Martin Luther, "Preface to the Epistle to the Romans" (1522), cited by Moo, p. 22.]

OUTLINE

I.    Introduction Romans 1:1-17

A.    Salutation Romans 1:1-7

1.    The writer Romans 1:1

2.    The subject of the epistle Romans 1:2-5

3.    The original recipients Romans 1:6-7

B.    Purpose Romans 1:8-15

C.    Theme Romans 1:16-17

II.    The need for God’s righteousness Romans 1:18 to Romans 3:20

A.    The need of all people Romans 1:18-32

1.    The reason for human guilt Romans 1:18

2.    The ungodliness of mankind Romans 1:19-27

3.    The wickedness of mankind Romans 1:28-32

B.    The need of good people Romans 2:1 to Romans 3:8

1.    God’s principles of judgment Romans 2:1-16

2.    The guilt of the Jews Romans 2:17-29

3.    Answers to objections Romans 3:1-8

C.    The guilt of all humanity Romans 3:9-20

III.    The imputation of God’s righteousness Romans 3:21 to Romans 5:21

A.    The description of justification Romans 3:21-26

B.    The defense of justification by faith alone Romans 3:27-31

C.    The proof of justification by faith from the law ch. 4

1.    Abraham’s justification by faith Romans 4:1-5

2.    David’s testimony to justification by faith Romans 4:6-8

3.    The priority of faith to circumcision Romans 4:9-12

4.    The priority of faith to the promise concerning headship of many nations Romans 4:13-17

5.    The exemplary value of Abraham’s faith Romans 4:18-22

6.    Conclusions from Abraham’s example Romans 4:23-25

D.    The benefits of justification Romans 5:1-11

E.    The restorative effects of justification Romans 5:12-21

IV.    The impartation of God’s righteousness chs. 6-8

A.    The believer’s relationship to sin ch. 6

1.    Freedom from sin Romans 6:1-14

2.    Slavery to righteousness Romans 6:15-23

B.    The believer’s relationship to the law ch. 7

1.    The law’s authority Romans 7:1-6

2.    The law’s activity Romans 7:7-12

3.    The law’s inability Romans 7:13-25

C.    The believer’s relationship to God ch. 8

1.    Our deliverance from the flesh by the power of the Spirit Romans 8:1-11

2.    Our new relationship to God Romans 8:12-17

3.    Our present sufferings and future glory Romans 8:18-25

4.    Our place in God’s sovereign plan Romans 8:26-30

5.    Our eternal security Romans 8:31-39

V.    The vindication of God’s righteousness chs. 9-11

A.    Israel’s past election ch. 9

1.    God’s blessings on Israel Romans 9:1-5

2.    God’s election of Israel Romans 9:6-13

3.    God’s freedom to elect Romans 9:14-18

4.    God’s mercy toward Israel Romans 9:19-29

5.    God’s mercy toward the Gentiles Romans 9:30-33

B.    Israel’s present rejection ch. 10

1.    The reason God has set Israel aside Romans 10:1-7

2.    The remedy for rejection Romans 10:8-15

3.    The continuing unbelief of Israel Romans 10:16-21

C.    Israel’s future salvation ch. 11

1.    Israel’s rejection not total Romans 11:1-10

2.    Israel’s rejection not final Romans 11:11-24

3.    Israel’s restoration assured Romans 11:25-32

4.    Praise for God’s wise plans Romans 11:33-36

VI.    The practice of God’s righteousness Romans 12:1 to Romans 15:13

A.    Dedication to God Romans 12:1-2

B.    Conduct within the church Romans 12:3-21

1.    The diversity of gifts Romans 12:3-8

2.    The necessity of love Romans 12:9-21

 

C.    Conduct within the state ch. 13

1.    Conduct towards the government Romans 13:1-7

2.    Conduct toward unbelievers Romans 13:8-10

3.    Conduct in view of our hope Romans 13:11-14

D.    Conduct within Christian liberty Romans 14:1 to Romans 15:13

1.    The folly of judging one another Romans 14:1-12

2.    The evil of offending one another Romans 14:13-23

3.    The importance of pleasing one another Romans 15:1-6

4.    the importance of accepting one another Romans 15:7-13

VII.    Conclusion Romans 15:14 to Romans 16:27

A.    Paul’s ministry Romans 15:14-33

1.    Past labors Romans 15:14-21

2.    Present program Romans 15:22-29

3.    Future plans Romans 15:30-33

B.    Personal matters ch. 16

1.    A commendation Romans 16:1-2

2.    Various greetings to Christians in Rome Romans 16:3-16

3.    A warning Romans 16:17-20

4.    Greetings from Paul’s companions Romans 16:21-24

5.    A doxology Romans 16:25-27

 

 

Appendix

Sequence of Paul’s Activities

Date	Event	Reference
	Birth in Tarsus	Acts 22:3
	Early life and theological education in Jerusalem under Gamaliel	Acts 22:3
34	Participation in Stephen’s stoning outside Jerusalem	Acts 7:57 to Acts 8:1
34	Leadership in the persecution of Christians in Jerusalem	Acts 9:1
34	Leadership in the persecution of Christians beyond Jerusalem to Damascus	Acts 9:2
34	Conversion on the road to Damascus	Acts 9:3-17
34	Baptism in Damascus	Acts 9:18
34	Preaching in Damascus	Acts 9:19-22
34	Trip to Arabia	Galatians 1:17
34	Return to Damascus	Galatians 1:17
37	Trip to Jerusalem	Acts 9:26; Galatians 1:18
37	Meeting with Peter and James and preaching in Jerusalem	Acts 9:27-29; Galatians 1:18-19
37	Trip to Tarsus via Caesarea	Acts 9:30; Galatians 1:21
37-43	Ministry in and around Tarsus	Acts 11:25
37-43	Caught up to the third heaven	2 Corinthians 12:2-4
43	Move to Antioch of Syria on Barnabas’ invitation	Acts 11:26
43	Ministry in Antioch of Syria	Acts 11:26
47	Trip to Jerusalem with Barnabas and Titus to deliver a famine relief gift	Acts 11:30; Galatians 2:1-10
47	Return to Antioch	Acts 12:25
47-48	Continued ministry in Antioch	Acts 13:1-3
48-49	First missionary journey with Barnabas and John Mark	Acts 13:4 to Acts 14:27
48	Ministry in Cyprus	Acts 13:4-12
48	Voyage to Asia Minor	Acts 13:13
48	Separation from John Mark who departed at Perga	Acts 13:13
48	Ministry at Pisidian Antioch	Acts 13:14-52
48-49	Ministry at Iconium	Acts 14:1-5
49	Ministry at Lystra	Acts 14:8-19
49	Ministry at Derbe	Acts 14:20-23
49	Return to Attalia	Acts 14:24-25
49	Return to Syrian Antioch	Acts 14:26
49	Ministry in Syrian Antioch	Acts 14:27 to Acts 15:2
49	Rebuke of Peter	Galatians 2:11-14

Sequence of Paul’s Activities (cont.)

Date	Event	Reference
49	Writing of Galatians
49	Trip to Jerusalem with Barnabas via Phoenicia and Samaria	Acts 15:3
49	Jerusalem Council	Acts 15:4-29
49	Return to Syrian Antioch with Barnabas, Silas, and Judas	Acts 15:22; Acts 15:30
49	Separation from Silas and Judas who returned to Jerusalem	Acts 15:31-33
49-50	Ministry in Syrian Antioch	Acts 15:35
50	Division of opinion with Barnabas over John Mark	Acts 15:36-39
50	Separation from Barnabas and John Mark who returned to Cyprus	Acts 15:39
50-52	Second missionary journey with Silas and others	Acts 15:40 to Acts 18:22
50	Ministry in Syria and Cilicia	Acts 15:41
50	Ministry in Derbe and Lystra	Acts 16:1 a
50	Partnership with Timothy who joined Paul and Silas	Acts 16:1-3
50	Ministry in other Galatian churches	Acts 16:4-6
50	Exclusion from Asia and Bithynia	Acts 16:7-8
50	Macedonian vision at Troas	Acts 16:9-10
50	Voyage from Troas to Samothrace to Neapolis with Luke	Acts 16:11
50	Ministry in Philippi	Acts 16:12-40
50	Separation from Luke who remained at Philippi	Cf. "we" in Acts 16:12 with "they" in Acts 17:1
50-51	Ministry in Thessalonica	Acts 17:1-9
51	Ministry in Berea	Acts 17:10-15
51	Separation from Silas and Timothy who remained in Berea	Acts 17:14
51	Ministry in Athens	Acts 17:16-34
51	Ministry in Corinth	Acts 18:1-17
51	Association with Aquilla and Priscilla	Acts 18:2-3
51	Reunion with Silas and Timothy	Acts 18:5
51	Writing of 1 and 2 Thessalonians
52	Trip to Ephesus with Aquilla and Priscilla	Acts 18:18
52	Separation from Aquilla and Priscilla who proceeded to Syria	Acts 18:18-19
52	Ministry in Ephesus	Acts 18:19-21
52	Return to Syrian Antioch via Caesarea and Jerusalem	Acts 18:21-22
52-53	Layover in Syrian Antioch	Acts 18:23 a

Sequence of Paul’s Activities (cont.)

Date	Event	Reference
53-57	Third missionary journey	Act_18:23 to Act_21:19
53	Ministry in Galatia	Acts 18:23 b; Acts 19:1
53	Apollos’ ministry in Ephesus	Acts 18:24
53	Aquilla and Priscilla’s ministry to Apollos	Acts 18:26
53	Apollos’ ministry in Achaia	Acts 18:27-28
53-56	Ministry in Ephesus and Asia	Acts 19:1 to Acts 20:1
53-56	Writing of the “former letter” to Corinth	1 Corinthians 5:9
56	Writing of 1 Corinthians
56	The “painful visit’ to Corinth and return	2 Corinthians 2:1; 2 Corinthians 12:14; 2 Corinthians 13:1-2
56	Writing of the “severe letter” to Corinth	2 Corinthians 2:3-4; 2 Corinthians 7:8-12; 2 Corinthians 12:17-19
56	Sending of Timothy and Erastus to Macedonia	Acts 19:22
56	Trip to Troas from Ephesus
56	Wait for Titus
56	Trip to Macedonia from Troas	Acts 20:1
56	Reunion with Titus in Macedonia
56	Writing of 2 Corinthians
56	Ministry in Macedonia	Acts 20:2
56	Ministry in Greece (Achaia and Corinth)	Acts 20:2-3
56-57	Writing of Romans
57	Return to Macedonia and Philippi with Sopater, Aristarchus, Secundus, Gaius, Timothy, Tychicus, Trophimus, and Luke	Acts 20:3-4
57	Trip of his companions except Luke to Troas	Acts 20:5
57	Trip to Troas with Luke	Acts 20:6
57	Ministry at Troas	Acts 20:7-12
57	Trip to Assos by land while Luke and another brother travel by ship	Acts 20:13
57	Trip to Miletus by ship with Luke and the other brother	Acts 20:14-16
57	Ministry at Miletus	Acts 20:17-38
57	Trip from Miletus to Caesarea with Luke and the other brother via Tyre	Acts 21:1-7
57	Ministry at Caesarea	Acts 21:8-14
57	Trip to Jerusalem	Acts 21:15-16
57	Ministry at Jerusalem	Acts 21:17 to Acts 23:30
57	Report to the church	Acts 21:17-26
57	Arrest in the temple	Acts 21:27-40
57	Speech in the temple courtyard	Acts 22:1-21
57	Imprisonment in Jerusalem	Acts 22:22 to Acts 23:30

Sequence of Paul’s Activities (cont.)

Date	Event	Reference
57	Trip to Caesarea	Acts 23:31-35
57-59	Ministry in Caesarea	Acts 24:1 to Acts 26:32
57	Defense before Felix	Acts 24:1-27
59	Defense before Festus	Acts 25:1-12
59	Defense before Agrippa and Festus	Acts 26:1-32
59-60	Journey to Rome with Luke and Aristarchus	Acts 27:1 to Acts 28:16
59	Trip to Crete	Acts 27:1-13
59	Shipwreck	Acts 27:14-44
59-60	Ministry on Malta	Acts 28:1-10
60	Trip from Malta to Rome	Acts 28:11-16
60-62	Ministry in Rome	Acts 28:16-31
60-62	Writing of the Prison Epistles
62	Release from Rome
62	Return to the Aegean area
62-66	Writing of 1 Timothy and Titus
67	Arrest
67-68	Imprisonment in Rome
67	Writing of 2 Timothy
68	Martyrdom in Rome

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