Bible Commentaries
Acts

Introduction

TITLE

The title "Acts of the Apostles" is very ancient. The Anti-Marcionite Prologue to the Gospel of Luke (A.D. 150-180) contains the oldest reference to the book by this name. The title is a bit misleading, however, because the book contains only a few of the acts of some of the apostles, primarily Peter and Paul. The book is more a story of the extension of the church from Jerusalem to Rome than it is a complete history of the apostles’ acts. Whereas Jesus is the chief character in the Gospels, the Holy Spirit working through the apostles is in Acts.

WRITER

Two lines of argument lead to the conclusion that Luke, the friend, fellow missionary, and physician of Paul wrote this book, under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. First, there is the internal evidence, the passages written in the first person plural that can refer to Luke (Act_16:10-40; Act_20:5 to Act_21:18; Act_27:1 to Act_28:16). Second, we have external evidence indicating that Luke wrote Acts. This evidence includes references by early church fathers, [Note: E.g., Irenaeus, c. 180 A.D.] comments in collections of New Testament books, [Note: E.g., the Muratorian Canon, second century A.D. See Documents of the Christian Church, pp. 28-29, for an English translation of the text.] and editorial statements in early notes on certain New Testament books. [Note: E.g., the Anti-Marcionite Prologue to the Gospel of Luke, second century A.D. See T. W. Manson, Studies in the Gospels and Epistles, p. 49, for an English translation.] Luke’s name does not appear in Acts, but it is a shortened Greek form of a Latin name-either Lucanus, Lucianus, Lucius, or Lucillus.

DATE AND PLACE OF COMPOSITION

The date of composition was probably in the early sixties, A.D. 60-62. In view of his emphases, Luke probably would have mentioned several important events had they occurred by the time he wrote. These include the Neronian persecution of Christians that began in A.D. 64, Paul’s death in A.D. 68, and the destruction of Jerusalem in A.D. 70.

We do not know for sure where Luke was when he wrote Acts. Perhaps he composed it over a period of years, drawing on various sources, and then put it into its final form in Rome where Paul was in confinement for two years (Act_28:30-31; A.D. 60-62).

"Fortunately the intelligibility and value of the book are largely independent of a knowledge of the precise situation in which it was written. While the finer points of the interpretation of Acts can still cause intense discussion among scholars, the essential themes of the book are basically clear and simple." [Note: I. Howard Marshall, The Acts of the Apostles, p. 49.]

SCOPE

The events recorded in Acts cover a period of about 30 years beginning with the Lord Jesus’ ascension in A.D. 33 to Paul’s two-year Roman house arrest that ended about A.D. 62. [Note: See Appendix 1 at the end of these notes for a table of Paul’s activities.] The Delphic Inscription and several references in Josephus, plus one in Suetonius, enable us to identify key dates in Acts. [Note: See Darrell L. Bock, Acts, p. 30, for a chart of these.]

GENRE

Most scholars believe that Acts fits within the literary classification of ancient history. The Greek word praxeis, "acts," identifies a specific genre or subgenre in the ancient world: narratives of the heroic deeds of individuals or cities. However, it was not the name of a technical genre as such. [Note: Donald A. Carson and Douglas J. Moo, An Introduction to the New Testament, pp. 285, 300-01.] Acts bears all the marks of a book of ancient history. Luke was on a par with other writiers of ancient history in his day regarding his skill and methods. [Note: Ibid., pp. 316-21.]

PURPOSE

There seems to have been a three-fold purpose for the writing of Acts. As with the other books of the Bible that record history in narrative form, certainly the Holy Spirit had a historical purpose. [Note: William Barclay, The Acts of the Apostles, p. xvii.] He intended to provide an inspired record of selected events that show the spread of the gospel and the church. They branched out from Jerusalem, the center of Judaism where the church began, to Rome, the uttermost part of the Gentile earth in Luke’s day.

"Streeter suggested that an alternative title for the book of Acts might be ’The Road to Rome’, for this is indeed the significance of Luke’s work. Whatever minor motifs Luke had in mind, such as the establishment of Christianity in men’s minds as a constructive and not destructive element in the social order, his main concern was to show that, in God’s plan for the renewal of the life of mankind, Jerusalem, the heart of old Israel, was the goal of Stage I [i.e., the Book of Luke], while Rome, the centre of the world, was the goal of Stage II [i.e., the Book of Acts]." [Note: William Neil, The Acts of the Apostles, p. 27.]

However the fact that Luke included what he did and omitted much other historical data indicates a second, theological purpose. He showed how the plans and purposes of God were working out through history. In particular, he showed how Jesus Christ was faithfully and irresistibly building His church (Mat_16:18). This involved clarifying how God’s dealings with humankind had taken a different course because of the Jews’ rejection of their Messiah. [Note: For a very good discussion of the major theological emphases in Acts, see Marshall, pp. 23-34.]

". . . Luke in Acts is not merely concerned to draw a link between the time of Jesus and the time of the early church, as is commonly noticed, but also between the time of Israel and the time of Jesus and His church. Acts insists that the God who was at work in the history of his ancient people, Israel, bringing them salvation, is the same God who is at work in the church." [Note: Brian S. Rosner, "Acts and Biblical History," in ibid., p. 82. Cf. George E. Ladd, "The Acts of the Apostles," in The Wycliffe Bible Commentary, pp. 1123-24.]

Third, Luke evidently had an apologetic purpose in writing. He frequently pointed out the relationship of the church to the Roman state by referring to many Roman officials not one of whom opposed Christianity because of its doctrines or practices. This would have made Acts a powerful defensive tool for the early Christians in their struggle to survive in a hostile pagan environment.

Longenecker identified Luke’s purposes as kerygmatic, apologetic, conciliatory, and catachetical. [Note: Richard N. Longenecker, "Acts," in John-Acts, vol. 9 of The expositor’s Bible Commentery, pp. 216-21.]

"We agree with a growing number of scholars who think that Luke wrote with a variety of specific purposes and that these purposes are part of a larger, general purpose-the edification of Christians." [Note: Carson and Moo, p. 305.]

UNIQUE FEATURES

Acts is the only New Testament book that continues the history begun in the Gospels. Whereas Luke’s Gospel focuses on the vertical universalization of the gospel (up and down the social scale), Acts focuses on its horizontal universalization (from Jerusalem to the uttermost parts of the world).

". . . the Acts is to be seen in close literary association with the Gospel [of Luke]. They form two parts of one work, conceived in its final form as a unity, whether or not the original composition of the Gospel took place independently of the plan to produce the two-part work. Although there are other examples of literary compositions in two parts (Josephus, Contra Apionem, is one of the nearest parallels to Luke-Acts in time and cultural context), Luke’s work appears to be unique among Christian writings and to have no close secular precedents in its combination of the stories of a religious leader and of his followers." [Note: I. Howard Marshall, "Acts and the ’Former Treatis,’" in The Book of Acts in Its First Century Setting; Vol. 1: The Book of Acts in Its Ancient Literary Setting, p. 182.]

"The book which we call the Acts of the Apostles may be said to complete the Pentateuch of New Testament history. Four of these books present the Person of our Lord; while the fifth gives the first page of the history of the Church . . ." [Note: G. Campbell Morgan, The Acts of the Apostles, p. 9.]

Acts is also an indispensable historical record for understanding the Apostle Paul’s epistles; without it we could not understand some of the things he wrote. It is the only Bible book that records the historical transition from Judaism to Christianity. It provides basic information about and insight into the early church. And it challenges every modern Christian. [Note: Stanley D. Toussaint, "Acts," in The Bible Knowledge Commentary: New Testament, p. 349.]

Richard Longenecker has shown that Luke’s method of writing history was in line with current historiography of his day. [Note: Longenecker, pp. 212-14.] Ben Witherington observed that Luke-Acts is more typical of ancient Greek history writing than Roman (Latin). [Note: Ben Witherington III, The Acts of the Apostles: A Socio-Rhetorical Commentary, p. 28.] Others have argued that it is more like the Hebrew Scriptures than anything else.

The Gospel of Luke is the longest book in the New Testament with 1,151 verses, Matthew is the second longest with 1,071 verses, and Acts is the third longest with 1,003 verses.

STRUCTURE

Longenecker identified five phenomena about the structure of Acts that the reader needs to recognize to appreciate what Luke sought to communicate.

"1.    It begins, like the [Third] Gospel, with an introductory section of distinctly Lukan cast dealing with the constitutive events of the Christian mission (Act_1:1 to Act_2:41) before it sets forth the advances of the gospel ’in Jerusalem, and in all Judea and Samaria, and to the ends of the earth’ (Act_1:7).

"2.    This introductory section is followed by what appears to be a thematic statement (Act_2:42-47). This material, while often viewed as a summary of what precedes, most probably serves as the thesis paragraph for what follows.

"3.    In his presentation of the advance of the Christian mission, Luke follows an essentially geographical outline that moves from Jerusalem (Act_2:42 to Act_6:7), through Judea and Samaria (Act_6:8 to Act_9:31), on into Palestine-Syria (Act_9:32 to Act_12:24), then to the Gentiles in the eastern part of the Roman Empire (Act_12:25 to Act_19:20), and finally culminates in Paul’s defenses and the entrance of the gospel into Rome (Act_19:21 to Act_28:31).

"4.    In his presentation, Luke deliberately sets up a number of parallels between the ministry of Peter in the first half of Acts and that of Paul in the last half. [Note: W. H. Griffith Thomas, The Acts of the Apostles: Outline Studies in Primitive Christianity, pp. 25-26, offered some helpful comparisons between Peter’s ministry and Paul’s in Acts. For two lists of 16 parallels between Acts 1-12, 13-28, see Charles H. Talbert, Literary Patterns, Theological Themes, and the Genre of Luke-Acts, pp. 23-24. This book contains many tables of interesting parallels within Acts, within Luke, and between Luke and Acts.]

"5.    Luke includes six summary statements or ’progress reports’ (Act_6:7; Act_9:31; Act_12:24; Act_16:5; Act_19:20; and Act_28:31), each of which seems to conclude its own ’panel’ of material. [Note: Cf. Dictionary of the Bible, ed. by James Hastings, s.v. "The Chronology of the New Testament," by C. H. Turner, 1:421. Turner’s first panel included 1:1-2:41.]

"Taking all these literary and structural features into account, we may conclude that Luke developed his material in Acts along the following lines:

"Introduction: The Constitutive Events of the Christian Mission (Act_1:1 to Act_2:41)

Part I: The Christian Mission to the Jewish World (Act_2:42 to Act_12:24)

Panel 1-The Earliest Days of the Church at Jerusalem (Act_2:42 to Act_6:7)

    Summary Statement: ’So the word of God spread. The number of disciples in Jerusalem increased rapidly, and a large number of priests became obedient to the faith’ (Act_6:7).

Panel 2-Critical Events in the Lives of Three Pivotal Figures (Act_6:8 to Act_9:31)

    Summary Statement: ’Then the church throughout Judea, Galilee and Samaria enjoyed a time of peace. It was strengthened; and encouraged by the Holy Spirit, it grew in numbers, living in the fear of the Lord’ (Act_9:31).

    Panel 3-Advances of the Gospel in Palestine-Syria (Act_9:32 to Act_12:24)

    Summary Statement: ’But the word of God continued to increase and spread’ (Act_12:24).

Part II: The Christian Mission to the Gentile World (Act_12:25 to Act_28:31)

Panel 4-The First Missionary Journey and the Jerusalem Council (Act_12:25 to Act_16:5)

    Summary Statement: ’So the churches were strengthened in the faith and grew daily in numbers’ (Act_16:5).

Panel 5-Wide Outreach Through Two Missionary Journeys (Act_16:6 to Act_19:20)

    Summary Statement: ’In this way the word of the Lord spread widely and grew in power’ (Act_19:20).

    Panel 6-To Jerusalem and Thence to Rome (Act_19:21 to Act_28:31)

    Summary Statement: ’Boldly and without hindrance he preached the kingdom of God and taught about the Lord Jesus Christ’ (Act_28:31)." [Note: Longenecker, pp. 233-34. For further study of background issues such as the history, authorship, unity, text, composition, theology, church, and ministry of the Book of Acts, see the Introduction in Richard B. Rackham, The Acts of the Apostles, pp. xiii-cxv.]

THEOLOGY

Darrell Bock has identified the key subjects in Acts as God, Jesus, and the Holy Spirit. More particularly, he noted the following theological emphases: the plan and work of the mighty God; mission, opposition, and the inclusion of the Gentiles; Jesus, the Lord of all for a gospel sent to all; the new community’s emerging separate identity; the law; the triumph of the gospel; and eschatology. [Note: Bock, pp. 32-42.]

OUTLINE

I.    The witness in Jerusalem Act_1:1 to Act_6:7

A.    The founding of the church Act_1:1 to Act_2:47

1.    The resumptive preface to the book Act_1:1-5

2.    The command to witness Act_1:6-8

3.    The ascension of Jesus Act_1:9-11

4.    Jesus’ appointment of a twelfth apostle Act_1:12-26

5.    The birth of the church Act_2:1-41

6.    The early state of the church Act_2:42-47

B.    The expansion of the church in Jerusalem Act_3:1 to Act_6:7

1.    External opposition Act_3:1 to Act_4:31

2.    Internal compromise Act_4:32 to Act_5:11

3.    Intensified external opposition Act_5:12-42

4.    Internal conflict Act_6:1-7

II.    The witness in Judea and Samaria Act_6:8 to Act_9:31

A.    The martyrdom of Stephen Act_6:8 to Act_8:1 a

1.    Stephen’s arrest Act_6:8 to Act_7:1

2.    Stephen’s address Act_7:2-53

3.    Stephen’s death Act_7:54 to Act_8:1 a

B.    The ministry of Philip Act_8:1-40

1.    The evangelization of Samaria Act_8:1-25

2.    Philip’s ministry to the Ethiopian eunuch Act_8:26-40

C.    The mission of Saul Act_9:1-31

1.    Saul’s conversion and calling Act_9:1-19 a

2.    Saul’s initial conflicts Act_9:19-30

3.    The church at peace Act_9:31

III.    The witness to the uttermost part of the earth Act_9:32 to Act_28:31

A.    The extension of the church to Syrian Antioch Act_9:32 to Act_12:24

1.    Peter’s ministry in Lydda and Joppa Act_9:32-43

2.    The conversion of Cornelius Act_10:1 to Act_11:18

3.    The initiatives of the Antioch church Act_11:19-30

4.    The persecution of the Jerusalem church Act_12:1-24

B.    The extension of the church to Cyprus and Asia Minor Act_12:25 to Act_16:5

1.    The divine appointment of Barnabas and Saul Act_12:25 to Act_13:3

2.    The mission to Cyprus Act_13:4-12

3.    The mission to Asia Minor Act_13:13 to Act_14:21 a

4.    Paul and Barnabas’ return to Antioch of Syria Act_14:21-28

5.    The Jerusalem Council Act_15:1-35

6.    The strengthening of the Gentile churches Act_15:36 to Act_16:5

C.    The extension of the church to the Aegean shores Act_16:6 to Act_19:20

1.    The call to Macedonia Act_16:6-10

2.    The ministry in Macedonia Act_16:11 to Act_17:15

3.    The ministry in Achaia Act_17:16 to Act_18:17

4.    The beginning of ministry in Asia Act_18:18-22

5.    The results of ministry in Asia Act_18:23 to Act_19:20

D.    The extension of the church to Rome Act_19:21 to Act_28:31

1.    Ministry on the way to Jerusalem acts Act_19:21 to Act_21:16

2.    Ministry in Jerusalem acts Act_21:17 to Act_23:32

3.    Ministry in Caesarea acts Act_23:33 to Act_26:32

4.    Ministry on the way to Rome acts Act_27:1 to Act_28:15

5.    Ministry in Rome acts Act_28:16-31

Appendix 1

Sequence of Paul’s Activities

Date	Event	Reference
	Birth in Tarsus	Act_22:3
	Early life and theological education in Jerusalem under Gamaliel	Act_22:3
34	Participation in Stephen’s stoning outside Jerusalem	Act_7:57 to Act_8:1
34	Leadership in the persecution of Christians in Jerusalem	Act_9:1
34	Leadership in the persecution of Christians beyond Jerusalem to Damascus	Act_9:2
34	Conversion on the road to Damascus	Act_9:3-17
34	Baptism in Damascus	Act_9:18
34	Preaching in Damascus	Act_9:19-22
34	Trip to Arabia	Gal_1:17
34	Return to Damascus	Gal_1:17
37	Trip to Jerusalem	Act_9:26; Gal_1:18
37	Meeting with Peter and James and preaching in Jerusalem	Act_9:27-29; Gal_1:18-19
37	Trip to Tarsus via Caesarea	Act_9:30; Gal_1:21
37-43	Ministry in and around Tarsus	Act_11:25
37-43	Caught up to the third heaven	2Co_12:2-4
43	Move to Antioch of Syria on Barnabas’ invitation	Act_11:26
43	Ministry in Antioch of Syria	Act_11:26
47	Trip to Jerusalem with Barnabas and Titus to deliver a famine relief gift	Act_11:30; Gal_2:1-10
47	Return to Antioch	Act_12:25
47-48	Continued ministry in Antioch	Act_13:1-3
48-49	First missionary journey with Barnabas and John Mark	Act_13:4 to Act_14:27
48	Ministry in Cyprus	Act_13:4-12
48	Voyage to Asia Minor	Act_13:13
48	Separation from John Mark who departed at Perga	Act_13:13
48	Ministry at Pisidian Antioch	Act_13:14-52
48-49	Ministry at Iconium	Act_14:1-5
49	Ministry at Lystra	Act_14:8-19
49	Ministry at Derbe	Act_14:20-23
49	Return to Attalia	Act_14:24-25
49	Return to Syrian Antioch	Act_14:26
49	Ministry in Syrian Antioch	Act_14:27 to Act_15:2
49	Rebuke of Peter	Gal_2:11-14

Sequence of Paul’s Activities (cont.)

Date	Event	Reference
49	Writing of Galatians
49	Trip to Jerusalem with Barnabas via Phoenicia and Samaria	Act_15:3
49	Jerusalem Council	Act_15:4-29
49	Return to Syrian Antioch with Barnabas, Silas, and Judas	Act_15:22; Act_15:30
49	Separation from Silas and Judas who returned to Jerusalem	Act_15:31-33
49-50	Ministry in Syrian Antioch	Act_15:35
50	Division of opinion with Barnabas over John Mark	Act_15:36-39
50	Separation from Barnabas and John Mark who returned to Cyprus	Act_15:39
50-52	Second missionary journey with Silas and others	Act_15:40 to Act_18:22
50	Ministry in Syria and Cilicia	Act_15:41
50	Ministry in Derbe and Lystra	Act_16:1 a
50	Partnership with Timothy who joined Paul and Silas	Act_16:1-3
50	Ministry in other Galatian churches	Act_16:4-6
50	Exclusion from Asia and Bithynia	Act_16:7-8
50	Macedonian vision at Troas	Act_16:9-10
50	Voyage from Troas to Samothrace to Neapolis with Luke	Act_16:11
50	Ministry in Philippi	Act_16:12-40
50	Separation from Luke who remained at Philippi	Cf. "we" in Act_16:12 with "they" in Act_17:1
50-51	Ministry in Thessalonica	Act_17:1-9
51	Ministry in Berea	Act_17:10-15
51	Separation from Silas and Timothy who remained in Berea	Act_17:14
51	Ministry in Athens	Act_17:16-34
51	Ministry in Corinth	Act_18:1-17
51	Association with Aquilla and Priscilla	Act_18:2-3
51	Reunion with Silas and Timothy	Act_18:5
51	Writing of 1 and 2 Thessalonians
52	Trip to Ephesus with Aquilla and Priscilla	Act_18:18
52	Separation from Aquilla and Priscilla who proceeded to Syria	Act_18:18-19
52	Ministry in Ephesus	Act_18:19-21
52	Return to Syrian Antioch via Caesarea and Jerusalem	Act_18:21-22
52-53	Layover in Syrian Antioch	Act_18:23 a

Sequence of Paul’s Activities (cont.)

Date	Event	Reference
53-57	Third missionary journey	Act_18:23 b to Act_21:19
53	Ministry in Galatia	Act_18:23 b; Act_19:1
53	Apollos’ ministry in Ephesus	Act_18:24
53	Aquilla and Priscilla’s ministry to Apollos	Act_18:26
53	Apollos’ ministry in Achaia	Act_18:27-28
53-56	Ministry in Ephesus and Asia	Act_19:1 to Act_20:1
53-56	Writing of the “former letter” to Corinth	1Co_5:9
56	Writing of 1 Corinthians
56	The “painful visit’ to Corinth and return	2Co_2:1; 2Co_12:14; 2Co_13:1-2
56	Writing of the “severe letter” to Corinth	2Co_2:3-4; 2Co_7:8-12; 2Co_12:17-19
56	Sending of Timothy and Erastus to Macedonia	Act_19:22
56	Trip to Troas from Ephesus
56	Wait for Titus
56	Trip to Macedonia from Troas	Act_20:1
56	Reunion with Titus in Macedonia
56	Writing of 2 Corinthians
56	Ministry in Macedonia	Act_20:2
56	Ministry in Greece (Achaia and Corinth)	Act_20:2-3
56-57	Writing of Romans
57	Return to Macedonia and Philippi with Sopater, Aristarchus, Secundus, Gaius, Timothy, Tychicus, Trophimus, and Luke	Act_20:3-4
57	Trip of his companions except Luke to Troas	Act_20:5
57	Trip to Troas with Luke	Act_20:6
57	Ministry at Troas	Act_20:7-12
57	Trip to Assos by land while Luke and another brother travel by ship	Act_20:13
57	Trip to Miletus by ship with Luke and the other brother	Act_20:14-16
57	Ministry at Miletus	Act_20:17-38
57	Trip from Miletus to Caesarea with Luke and the other brother via Tyre	Act_21:1-7
57	Ministry at Caesarea	Act_21:8-14
57	Trip to Jerusalem	Act_21:15-16
57	Ministry at Jerusalem	Act_21:17 to Act_23:30
57	Report to the church	Act_21:17-26
57	Arrest in the temple	Act_21:27-40
57	Speech in the temple courtyard	Act_22:1-21
57	Imprisonment in Jerusalem	Act_22:22 to Act_23:30

Sequence of Paul’s Activities (cont.)

Date	Event	Reference
57	Trip to Caesarea	Act_23:31-35
57-59	Ministry in Caesarea	Act_24:1 to Act_26:32
57	Defense before Felix	Act_24:1-27
59	Defense before Festus	Act_25:1-12
59	Defense before Agrippa and Festus	Act_26:1-32
59-60	Journey to Rome with Luke and Aristarchus	Act_27:1 to Act_28:16
59	Trip to Crete	Act_27:1-13
59	Shipwreck	Act_27:14-44
59-60	Ministry on Malta	Act_28:1-10
60	Trip from Malta to Rome	Act_28:11-16
60-62	Ministry in Rome	Act_28:16-31
60-62	Writing of the Prison Epistles
62	Release from Rome
62	Return to the Aegean area
62-66	Writing of 1 Timothy and Titus
67	Arrest
67-68	Imprisonment in Rome
67	Writing of 2 Timothy
68	Martyrdom in Rome

Appendix 2

Sermons and Speeches in Acts [Note: Adapted from The Bible Knowledge Commentary: New Testament, p. 355.]

Speakers	Occasions and or Hearers	Cities	References
Peter (1)	Selection of successor to Judas	Jerusalem	Act_1:16-22
Peter (2)	Signs on the day of Pentecost	Jerusalem	Act_2:14-36
Peter (3)	Healing of lame man in the temple	Jerusalem	Act_3:12-26
Peter (4)	Before the Sanhedrin for preaching the resurrection of Christ	Jerusalem	Act_4:8-12
Gamaliel	Before the Sanhedrin regarding Peter and others	Jerusalem	Act_5:35-39
Stephen	Before the Sanhedrin after his arrest	Jerusalem	Act_7:2-53
Peter (5)	At Cornelius’ house to present the gospel to Gentiles	Caesarea	Act_10:34-43
Peter (6)	Defense to the church about what happened in Caesarea	Jerusalem	Act_11:4-17
Paul (1)	Sabbath sermon to Jews in the synagogue	Pisidian Antioch	Act_13:16-41
Paul (2) and Barnabas	Crowd who wanted to worship them	Lystra	Act_14:15-17
Peter (7)	Church council	Jerusalem	Act_15:7-11
James	Church council	Jerusalem	Act_15:13-21
Paul (3)	Athenians on Mars Hill	Athens	Act_17:22-31
Demetrius	Workmen who were disturbed at Paul’s preaching	Ephesus	Act_19:25-27
Town clerk	Riot at Ephesus	Ephesus	Act_19:35-40
Paul (4)	Gathering of Ephesian elders	Miletus	Act_20:18-35
Paul (5)	Mob of people who tried to kill Paul	Jerusalem	Act_22:1-21
Paul (6)	Defense before the Sanhedrin	Jerusalem	Act_23:1-6
Paul (7)	Defense before Felix	Caesarea	Act_24:10-21
Paul (8)	Defense before Festus	Caesarea	Act_25:8; Act_25:10-11
Paul (9)	Defense before Herod Agrippa II	Caesarea	Act_26:1-23
Paul (10)	Shipmates in a violent storm	Mediterranean Sea between Crete and Malta	Act_27:21-26
Paul (11)	Testimony to Jewish leaders	Rome	Act_28:17-20; Act_28:25-28

Appendix 3

Paul’s Epistles

Period	Epistle	Origin	Date
After the 1st missionary journey	Galatians	Antioch of Syria	A.D. 49
During the 2nd missionary journey	1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians	Corinth Corinth	A.D. 51 A.D. 51
During the 3rd missionary journey	1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Romans	Ephesus Macedonia Corinth	A.D. 56 A.D. 56 A.D. 57
During the 1st Roman imprisonment	Ephesians Philippians Colossians Philemon	Rome Rome Rome Rome	A.D. 60-62 A.D. 60-62 A.D. 60-62 A.D. 60-62
Between the 1st and 2nd Roman imprisonments	1 Timothy Titus	Macedonia? Macedonia?	A.D. 62-66 A.D. 62-66
During the 2nd Roman imprisonment	2 Timothy	Rome	A.D. 67

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