Bible Commentaries
1 Chronicles

Introduction

TITLE

The earliest Hebrew title for the Books of Chronicles translates as, "The Things Left Behind." This name describes Chronicles as containing remnants of the monarchy history not recorded in the preceding Old Testament historical books. A later title that appears in most copies of the Hebrew Bible is, "The Accounts of the Days," or "Daily Matters." This title emphasizes the nature of Chronicles as official annals (cf. Est_2:23; 1Ki_14:19). Chronicles contains the official records of Israel’s kings, especially those of the Southern Kingdom after the kingdom split. The English title "Chronicles" comes down to us from Jerome’s statement that the books contained "the chronicle of the whole of sacred history." [Note: Quoted in Tremper Longman III and Raymond B. Dillard, An Introduction to the Old Testament, p. 190.]

As was true of Samuel and Kings, the Septuagint (Greek) translation of the Hebrew Old Testament was responsible for dividing the single Book of Chronicles into 1 and 2 Chronicles. Scribes divided these long books to make them easier for copyists and readers to handle. We could translate the Septuagint title as, "Things Omitted." This title implies that Chronicles contains material left out of other inspired histories of Israel. This is true, but it also contains much material that the former historical books included.

". . . fully 50 percent, of 1 & 2 Chronicles is the same material found in 1 & 2 Samuel , 1 & 2 Kings." [Note: David M. Howard Jr., An Introduction to the Old Testament Historical Books, p. 231. See also Eugene H. Merrill, "The Chronicler: What Kind of Historian Was He Anyway?" Bibliotheca Sacra 165:660 (October-December 2008):397-412.]

WRITER AND DATE

Early Jewish tradition recorded in the Babylonian Talmud ascribed the authorship of Chronicles to Ezra and Nehemiah. [Note: Baba Bathra 15a.] Modern studies of the linguistic differences that exist between the Books of Ezra, Nehemiah, and Chronicles have led some scholars to reject this ancient view. [Note: E.g., Sara Japhet, "The Supposed Common Authorship of Chronicles and Ezra-Nehemiah Investigated Anew," Vetus Testamentum 18 (1968):330-71.] Internal evidence suggests that if the writer was not Ezra and or Nehemiah, he was probably a contemporary of these men. It is very common today to speak of the unknown writer as "the Chronicler."

There is quite a bit of difference of opinion, even among conservative evangelical scholars, regarding the date of composition. Most of them place it within Ezra’s lifetime (ca. 450-400 B.C.). [Note: Cf. Bruce K. Waltke, "The Samaritan Pentateuch and the Text of the Old Testament," in New Perspectives on the Old Testament, pp. 212-39; Eugene H. Merrill, "1 Chronicles," in The Bible Knowledge Commentary: Old Testament, p. 589; Edward J. Young, An Introduction to the Old Testament, p. 413; Gleason L. Archer Jr., A Survey of Old Testament Introduction, p. 405; and J. Barton Payne, "First Chronicles," in The Wycliffe Bible Commentary, p. 367. See also John Bright, A History of Israel, p. 417.] This date would make Chronicles one of the last if not the last historical book of the Old Testament. In the Hebrew canon, 1 and 2 Chronicles conclude the third major section, the Writings, which also suggests that they were written late. The date of composition of Ezra was probably about 446 B.C. The Book of Nehemiah probably came into existence between 420 and 400 B.C. The date of writing of Esther was probably shortly after 473 B.C.

"It is now clear from comparison of Chronicles with the Samaritan Pentateuch and the Greek translations of the Pentateuch that the text Chronicles used was more like these texts than the MT [Masoretic Text]." [Note: J. A. Thompson, 1, 2 Chronicles, p. 23.]

Some scholars hold a date as early as the middle of the fifth century B.C. (450 B.C.), while others date Chronicles as late as 200 B.C. [Note: For further discussion, see Archer, pp. 405-7; R. K. Harrison, Introduction to the Old Testament, pp. 1153-57, 1169-71; or any of the major commentaries.]

"The best view is that Chronicles as a whole was in place by 500 B.C., but that additions as late as the early fourth century continued to be added, especially genealogies, under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit." [Note: Eugene H. Merrill, "1 Chronicles," in The Old Testament Explorer, pp. 294-95.]

SCOPE AND PURPOSE

Chronicles covers a broader period of history than any other Old Testament book. In this, it is similar to Matthew, which also covers all of human history from creation to the writer’s day. Chronicles begins with Adam and ends with Anani who lived eight generations after King Jehoiachin (1Ch_3:24). If we allow 25 years for each generation, the birth of Anani would have been between 425 and 400 B.C., assuming this genealogy is complete.

"In Near Eastern antiquity, the generation (that is the years between a man’s birth and his begetting his first-born son) is ordinarily 25 years or less." [Note: Frank M. Cross, "A Reconstruction of the Judean Restoration," Interpretation 29:2 (1975):192-93.]

Since the writer had great interest in David’s family, it is unlikely that any of David’s descendants after Anani was known to him when he wrote the book. If they had been, the writer probably would have included their names.

Other Old Testament books, especially Genesis, Samuel, and Kings, cover over half the material that Chronicles contains. [Note: See Appendix 1 at the end of these notes for a table of passages unique to Chronicles.] There are two main reasons for this repetition. First, the writer wanted to give his readers another version of those events. In this respect, Chronicles and the other historical books are similar to the Gospels in the New Testament. Each gives a unique interpretation and emphasis. Each writer selected the historical materials that would present what he wanted to emphasize. Chronicles is more similar to John’s Gospel than the other Gospels. Both books are very sermonic, and each has a purpose that is easy to identify (Joh_20:30-31; 2Ch_7:14). Chronicles is also similar to Deuteronomy, the last book of the Pentateuch, which also preaches by recalling history.

Second, the writer of Chronicles explained and expounded the meaning of many events in Israel’s history, much like the writers of modern commentaries do. This was especially important since the original readers of Chronicles needed to remember their history and the spiritual issues that had molded and would mold their destiny. These observations would guide them as they sought to reestablish Israel in the Promised Land after the Babylonian captivity.

"The purpose of these two volumes [1 and 2 Chronicles] is to review the history of Israel from the dawn of the human race to the Babylonian captivity and Cyrus’ edict of restoration. This review is composed with a very definite purpose in mind, to give to the Jews of the Second Commonwealth the true spiritual foundations of their theocracy as the covenant people of Jehovah. This historian’s purpose is to show that the true glory of the Hebrew nation was found in its covenant relationship to God, as safeguarded by the prescribed forms of worship in the temple and administered by the divinely ordained priesthood under the protection of the divinely authorized dynasty of David. Always the emphasis is upon that which is sound and valid in Israel’s past as furnishing a reliable basis for the task of reconstruction which lay ahead. Great stress is placed upon the rich heritage of Israel and its unbroken connection with the patriarchal beginnings (hence the prominence accorded to genealogical lists)." [Note: Archer, p. 404. See also Eugene H. Merrill, "A Theology of Chronicles," in A Biblical Theology of the Old Testament, pp. 158, 185.]

". . . ’the Chronicler’ is no mere chronicler! He is a theologian, sharing with all the biblical writers the burden of interpreting God’s ways to human beings." [Note: J. G. McConville, I & II Chronicles, pp. 2-3.]

The writer saw principles operating in history. He selected unmistakable instances of them and applied them to his own times.

"If Kings, composed after the final collapse of the kingdom in 586 B.C., concentrates on how sin leads to defeat (2Ki_17:15; 2Ki_17:18), then Chronicles, coming after the two returns from exile in 537 and 458 B.C., recounts, from the same record, how ’faith is the victory’ (2Ch_20:20; 2Ch_20:22)." [Note: J. Barton Payne, "1, 2 Chronicles," in I Kings-Job, v. 4 of The Expository’s Bible Commentary, p. 303.]

". . . the Chronicler goes even further than the Deuteronomic historian [i.e., the writer of 1 and 2 Kings] in attempting to correlate blessing with faithfulness and judgment with disobedience within each separate generation." [Note: H. G. M. Williamson, 1 and 2 Chronicles, p. 31.]

Another statement of the purpose of Chronicles is as follows:

". . . to rally the returned remnant to hopeful temple worship . . . by demonstrating their link with the enduring Davidic promises." [Note: Jeffrey Townsend, "The Purpose of 1 and 2 Chronicles," Bibliotheca Sacra 145:575 (July-September 1987):283. Cf. John Goldingay, "The Chronicler As a Theologian," Biblical Theological Bulletin 5:2 (June 1975):99-126; and Kenneth R. Cooper, "King and Cultus: A Suggested Framework for a Theology of the Chronicles," Journal of Dispensational Theology 12:36 (August 2008):63-83.]

"The past is explained so that its institutions and religious principles become relevant to the present, and the ways of the present are legitimized anew by being connected to the prime source of authority-the formative period in the people’s past." [Note: Sara Japhet, The Ideology of the Book of Chronicles and Its Place in Biblical Thought, pp. 515-16.]

DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS

Three major features of Chronicles appear when we isolate the material the writer included that is not in Samuel or Kings. First, the genealogies reflect the writer’s goal of encouraging Israel’s racial and religious purity. [Note: See M. D. Johnson, The Purpose of the Biblical Genealogies, pp 77-82. He identified nine purposes.] Second, the emphases on the temple, ark, and worship show his desire that the returned exiles reestablish worship according to the Mosaic Law. [Note: See Roddy L. Braun, "The Message of Chronicles: Rally ’Round the Temple," Concordia Theological Monthly 42:8 (September 1971):502-14.] Third, the record of David’s glories and the victories God gave his successors were his way of encouraging his original readers as they sought to reestablish their nation in the Promised Land. [Note: Payne, "1, 2 Chronicles," pp. 313-14. See Werner E. Lemke, "The Synoptic Problem in the Chronicler’s History," Harvard Theological Review 58 (1965):349-63.]

Conservative students of Chronicles differ in their opinion concerning the amount of Messianic expectation the Chronicler held out to his readers. My belief is that he presented much hope of a coming Messiah who would fulfill the promises given to David in the Davidic Covenant. I shall point this out at the appropriate places in the notes that follow. [Note: For a review of the history of the study of Chronicles, see Sara Japhet, "The Historical Reliability of Chronicles," Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 33 (October 1985):83-107.]

"I regard Chronicles as one of the richest mines of spirituality in all of Scripture." [Note: Simon J. De Vries, 1 and 2 Chronicles, p. xiv.]

OUTLINE

I.    Israel’s historical roots chs. 1-9

A.    The lineage of David chs. 1-3

B.    The house of Israel chs. 4-7

1.    The family of Judah 1Ch_4:1-23

2.    The family of Simeon 1Ch_4:24-43

3.    The families of Transjordan ch. 5

4.    The family of Levi ch. 6

5.    The remaining families of Israel ch. 7

C.    The lineage of Saul chs. 8-9

II.    The reign of David chs. 10-29

A.    The death of Saul ch. 10

B.    David’s coronation and capital 1Ch_11:1-9

C.    David’s mighty men 1Ch_11:10 to 1Ch_12:40

D.    David and the ark chs. 13-16

1.    The removal of the ark from Kiriath-jearim ch. 13

2.    Restoring fellowship with Yahweh ch. 14

3.    The importance of the priests and Levites 1Ch_15:1-15

4.    The joy produced by God’s presence 1Ch_15:16 to 1Ch_16:6

5.    David’s concern for the universal worship of Yahweh 1Ch_16:7-43

E.    God’s covenant promises to David chs. 17-29

1.    The first account of God’s promises to David chs. 17-21

2.    The second account of God’s promises to David chs. 22-27

3.    The third account of God’s promises to David chs. 28-29

 

(Continued in notes on 2 Chronicles)

Appendix 1

Passages Unique to Chronicles (In probable chronological order) [Note: Compiled from W. D. Crockett, A Harmony of the Books of Samuel, Kings and Chronicles.]

Genealogies	The genealogical tables	1 Chronicles 1-9
David	The list of the men who came to David at Ziklag	1Ch_12:1-7
	The list of the men who joined David on his way to Ziklag	1Ch_12:19-22
	Data concerning the number of warriors who made David king	1Ch_12:23-40
	The Gadites who "separated themselves unto David"	1Ch_12:8-15
	David’s hymn of praise when he moved the ark	1Ch_16:4-36
	David’s final preparations for the building of the temple	1Ch_22:1-19
	The national convention	1Ch_23:1 to 1Ch_29:22
Solomon	The making of the altar of brass	2Ch_4:1
	The close of Solomon’s dedicatory prayer	2Ch_6:40-42
Rehoboam	The adherence of the Levites in all Israel to Rehoboam	2Ch_11:13-14
	The immigration of other pious Israelites to Judah	2Ch_11:16-17
	Rehoboam’s fortifications	2Ch_11:5-12
	Rehoboam’s family	2Ch_11:18-23
Abijah	Abijah’s family	2Ch_13:21
Asa	The ten years of peace under Asa	2Ch_14:1
	Asa’s defense policy	2Ch_14:6-8
	Asa’s victory over Zerah the Ethiopian	2Ch_14:9-15
	The warning of the prophet Azariah	2Ch_15:1-7
	The four years of peace under Asa	2Ch_15:19
	The renewal of the covenant	2Ch_15:9-15
	The warning of the prophet Hanani	2Ch_16:7-9
	Asa’s transgression	2Ch_16:10
Jehoshaphat	Jehoshaphat’s strengthening of his kingdom	2Ch_17:1-7
	The mission of the princes, Levites and priests	2Ch_17:7-9
	Jehoshaphat’s increasing power	2Ch_17:10 to 2Ch_8:1
	The prophet Jehu’s judgment on Jehoshaphat	2Ch_19:1-3
	Jehoshaphat’s further reforms in worship and law	2Ch_19:4-11
	The deliverance from Moab and Ammon on Mt. Seir	2Ch_20:1-30
Jehoram	The posthumous message of Elijah to Jehoram	2Ch_21:12-15
	The invasion of the Philistines and Arabians	2Ch_21:16-17
	Jehoram’s illness	2Ch_21:18
Joash	Joash’s matrimonial affairs	2Ch_24:3
	The temple worship	2Ch_24:14
	The death of Jehoiada	2Ch_24:15-16
	The sins of Joash	2Ch_24:17-19
	The stoning of Zechariah	2Ch_24:20-22
	The reverses of Judah due to Hazael’s operations	2Ch_24:23-24
Amaziah	Amaziah’s planned expedition against Edom	2Ch_25:5
	Amaziah’s hiring of 100,000 mercenaries out of Israel and dismissing them	2Ch_25:6-10
	The pillage of the cities of Judah by the dismissed mercenaries	2Ch_25:13
	Amaziah’s further wickedness	2Ch_25:14-16
Uzziah	Uzziah’s success in war	2Ch_26:6-8
	Uzziah’s building and farming	2Ch_26:9-10; 2Ch_26:15
	Uzziah’s army	2Ch_26:11-14
	Uzziah’s fame	2Ch_26:8; 2Ch_26:15
Jotham	Jotham’s subjugation of the Ammonites	2Ch_27:5-6
Ahaz	Obed the prophet’s obtaining the release of the Jewish captives during Ahaz’s war with Rezin and Pekah	2Ch_28:9-15
	The Edomite and Philistine invasions under Ahaz	2Ch_28:17-19
Hezekiah	The cleansing of the temple by Hezekiah	2Ch_29:3-19
	The consecration of the temple	2Ch_29:20-36
	Preparations for the Passover	2Ch_30:1-12
	The keeping of the Passover	2Ch_30:13-22
	The keeping of "other seven days"	2Ch_30:23-27
	Hezekiah’s further religious reforms	2Ch_31:1-21
	Hezekiah’s wealth and building	2Ch_32:27-30
	Sennacherib’s second entry into Judah for invasion	2Ch_32:1
	Hezekiah’s precautions in view of Sennacherib’s second entry into Judah for invasion	2Ch_32:2-8
	Hezekiah’s renewed prosperity	2Ch_32:23
Manasseh	Manasseh’s captivity	2Ch_33:11
	Manasseh’s repentance and restoration	2Ch_33:12-13
	The acts of Manasseh after his restoration	2Ch_33:14-16
	The spiritual condition of the people	2Ch_33:17
Josiah	Josiah’s early reformations	2Ch_34:3-7
Captivity	The length of the captivity	2Ch_36:20-21
	Cyrus’ proclamation permitting return from the captivity	2Ch_36:22-23

Appendix 2

Numbers in Chronicles That Disagree With Their Old Testament Parallels [Note: Content from Payne, "1, 2 Chronicles," p. 561.]

	Higher	Same	Lower		Parallel Passage	Evaluation of Chronicles
A			1Ch_11:11	300 slain by Jashobeam, not 800	2Sa_23:8	Scribal error
B	1Ch_18:4			Hadadezer’s 1,000 chariots and 7,000 horsemen, not 1,000 [chariots] and 700 horsemen	2Sa_8:4	Correct
C	1Ch_19:18 a			7,000 Syrian charioteers slain, not 700	2Sa_10:18 a	Correct
D			1Ch_19:18 b [Note: The number is the same in 1 Chronicles and in 2 Samuel, but Payne listed the number in 1 Chronicles as lower, for some reason. The difference is not in the number but in the type of soldier described.]	and 40,000 foot soldiers, not horsemen	2Sa_10:18 b	Correct
E	1Ch_21:5 a			Israel’s 1,100,000 troops, not 800,000	2Sa_24:9 a	Different objects
F			1Ch_21:5 b	Judah’s 470,000 troops, not 500,000	2Sa_24:9 b	More precise
G			1Ch_21:12	Three years of famine, not seven	2Sa_24:13	Correct
H	1Ch_21:25			Ornan paid 600 gold shekels, not 50 silver	2Sa_24:24	Different objects of purchase
I	2Ch_2:2			3,600 to supervise the temple construction, not 3,300	1Ki_5:16	Different method of reckoning
J	2Ch_2:10			22,000 baths of oil to Hiram’s woodmen, not 20 kors (=200 baths)	1Ki_5:11	Different objects
K	2Ch_2:18			3,600 to supervise the temple construction, not 3,300	1Ki_5:16	Different method of reckoning
L	2Ch_3:15			Temple pillars 35 cubits, not 18	1Ki_7:15	Scribal error
M	2Ch_4:5			Sea holding 3,000 baths, not 2,000	1Ki_7:26	Scribal error

Numbers in Chronicles That Disagree With Their Old Testament Parallels (cont.)

N			2Ch_8:10	250 chief officers for building the temple, not 550	1Ki_9:23	Different method of reckoning
O	2Ch_8:18			450 gold talents from Ophir, not 420	1Ki_9:28	Correct or scribal error
P		2Ch_9:16		300 gold bekas per shield, not 3 minas	1Ki_10:17	Different method of reckoning
Q			2Ch_9:25	4,000 stalls for horses, not 40,000	1Ki_4:26	Correct
R	2Ch_22:2			Ahaziah king at 42 years, not 22	2Ki_8:26	Scribal error
S			2Ch_36:9	Jehoiachin king at 8, not 18	2Ki_24:8	Scribal error

There is a total of 19 disagreements out of 213 paralleled numbers. Note that K repeats I above.

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_____. First and Second Chronicles. Everyman’s Bible Commentary series. Chicago: Moody Press, 1983.

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_____. "The Samaritan Pentateuch and the Text of the Old Testament." In New Perspectives on the Old Testament, pp. 212-39. Edited by J. Barton Payne. Waco: Word Books, 1970.

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