Second Sunday after Epiphany
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Bahasa Indonesia Sehari-hari
Hosea 13:2
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Sekarangpun mereka terus berdosa, dan membuat baginya patung tuangan dari perak dan berhala-berhala sesuai dengan kecakapan mereka; semuanya itu buatan tukang-tukang. Persembahkanlah korban kepadanya!, kata mereka. Baiklah manusia mencium anak-anak lembu!
Maka sekarang dipertambahkannya pula dengan dosa, di perbuatkannya patung tuangan akan dirinya dari pada peraknya, sekadar akal yang ada padanya, semuanya patung perbuatan tukang yang pandai; maka patut kata orang akan halnya demikian: Barangsiapa yang berbakti kepada lembu muda, tak dapat tiada ia mempersembahkan manusia kelak akan korban!
Contextual Overview
Bible Verse Review
from Treasury of Scripure Knowledge
now: Numbers 32:14, 2 Chronicles 28:13, 2 Chronicles 33:23, Isaiah 1:5, Isaiah 30:1, Romans 2:5, 2 Timothy 3:13
sin more and more: Heb. add to sin
have made: Hosea 2:8, Hosea 8:4, Hosea 10:1, Psalms 115:4-8, Isaiah 46:6, Jeremiah 10:4, Habakkuk 2:18, Habakkuk 2:19
according: Hosea 11:6, Psalms 135:17, Psalms 135:18, Isaiah 44:17-20, Isaiah 45:20, Isaiah 46:8, Jeremiah 10:8, Romans 1:22-25
the men that sacrifice: or, the sacrificers of men
kiss: 1 Samuel 10:1, 1 Kings 19:18, Psalms 2:12, Romans 11:4
Reciprocal: Exodus 32:4 - calf Deuteronomy 27:15 - maketh 2 Kings 10:29 - the golden calves 2 Chronicles 11:15 - for the calves Job 31:27 - my mouth hath kissed my hand Psalms 78:58 - with Isaiah 2:8 - worship Isaiah 7:10 - Moreover Isaiah 17:8 - the work Hosea 4:17 - Ephraim Hosea 10:5 - the calves Hosea 11:2 - they sacrificed Amos 2:6 - For three Amos 8:14 - sin
Cross-References
And so Abram gat hym vp out of Egypt, he and his wife, and al that he had, and Lot with hym, toward the South.
And he went foorth on his iourney, from the south towarde Bethel, vnto the place where his tent had ben at the begynnyng, betwene Bethel and Hai:
Is not the whole lande before thee? Seperate thy selfe I pray thee from me: yf thou wilt take the left hande, I wyll go to the ryght: or yf thou depart to the ryght hande, I wyll go to the left.
And so Lot lyftyng vp his eyes, behelde all the countrey of Iordane, whiche was well watred euery where before the Lorde destroyed Sodome and Gomorrh, euen as the garden of the Lorde, lyke the lande of Egypt as thou commest vnto Soar.
Abram dwelled in the lande of Chanaan, and Lot abode in the cities of the playne, and pitched his tent vntill Sodome.
But the men of Sodome [were] wicked, and exceedyng sinners agaynst the Lorde.
And God blessed my maister merueylously, that he is become great, and hath geuen him sheepe and oxen, siluer and golde, men seruauntes, and maydeseruauntes, camelles and asses.
But remember the Lorde thy God, for it is he whiche geueth thee power to get substaunce, for to make good the promise whiche he sware vnto thy fathers, as appeareth this day.
The Lord maketh poore, and maketh ryche, bringeth lowe, and heaueth vp on hye.
His substaunce also was seuen thousand sheepe, and three thousand camels, fiue hundred yoke of oxen, and fiue hundred shee asses, and a very great householde: so that he was one of the most principall men among all them of the east [countrey.]
Gill's Notes on the Bible
And now they sin more and more,.... Since the times of Jeroboam, and also of Ahab, adding other deities to the calves, and to Baal, as follows; increasing the number of their idols, and their idolatrous sacrifices, rites, and ceremonies: this they did in the times the prophet, who prophesied after the times of as it is common with evil men and seducers to wax worse and worse, and to proceed to more ungodliness, and from evil to evil; such is the way of idolaters, they stop not, but run into greater absurdities and grosser idolatries:
and have made them molten images of their silver: which is to be understood, not of the calves, or of Baal, made of gold, which they purchased with their silver; but of other images they had in their houses, or carried about with them, made of their silver, of their plate, which they melted and cast images of it, of whatsoever shape or form they pleased:
[and] idols according to their own understanding; which were entirely of man's device, and had nothing divine in them, either as to matter or form, but wholly the invention of the human brain; or, "according to their own likeness", as the Targum, and so other Jewish interpreters; after the form of a man, and yet were so weak and stupid as to account them gods:
all of it the work of the craftsmen; of silversmiths and founders, and such like artificers; the same, or of the same sort, with the craftsmen that made shrines for Diana, Acts 19:24; and therefore such a work, wrought by such hands, could never be a deity, or have anything divine in it; they must be as stupid and senseless as the work itself to imagine there should: and yet
they say of them; the false prophets, or the idolatrous priests, say of such idols:
let the men that sacrifice kiss the calves: let those that bring their sacrifices, or those that offer them, pay religious worship and adoration to the calves; which they signified by kissing the idols they sacrificed to, either their mouths, or their hands; or, if out of their reach, they kissed their own hands in token of honour to them; which rites were commonly used among the Heathens. Cicero s says at Agrigentum, where was a temple or Hercules, where the people not only used to show a veneration to his image by prayers and thanksgivings, but they used to kiss it. So Apuleius t speaks of a beautiful virgin, the report of whose beauty brought together a vast number of citizens and strangers; who, amazed at the sight of her, put their right hand to then mouths, the first finger resting upon the thumb erect, and gave her reverence with religious adoration, as if she had been the goddess Venus herself; and Minutius Felix u says of Caecilius, that, observing the image of Serapis (probably much like one of these calves), putting his hand to his mouth, according to the superstitious custom of the common people, with his lips smacked a kiss; and so Pliny w observes, in worshipping, the right hand is used for a kiss, turning about the whole body, which to do to the left was reckoned the more religious; hence it is observed x of Aemilius, a derider of and scoffer at things divine, that he would never make supplication to any god, nor frequent any temple; and if he passed by any place of worship, he reckoned it a crime to put his hand to his lips by way of adoration, or on account of that; and it seems to have obtained as early as the times of Job among idolatrous people, that, upon the sight of the sun or moon, they immediately with their mouth kissed their hands; see
Job 31:26; hence Lucian y, speaking of the Indians, says, rising early in the morning, they worship the sun, not as we, who think the prayers are finished when the hand is kissed; and Tertullian z, addressing the Heathens in his time, thus bespeaks them, most of you, out of an affectation of worshipping the celestial bodies at the rising of the sun, move and quaver your lips; hence kissing is used for the worship of the Son of God, Psalms 2:12. Some read the words, "let those that sacrifice a man a kiss the calves"; as if it respected the abominable practice of sacrificing men to Moloch; or intimated that men were sacrificed to the calves at Bethel.
s In Verrem, l. 4. Orat. 9. c. 13. t Metamorphos. sive de Asino Auero, l. 4. p. 60. u Octavius, p. 2. w Nat. Hist. l. 28. c. 2. x Apuleii Apolog. p. 226. y περι ορχησεως. z Apolog. c. 16. a זבחי אדם "immolatores hominem, [vel] immolantes homines", Vatablus; "sacrificantes hominem", Montanus, Calvin, Schmidt; so some in Abenda. The Septuagint and Vulgate Latin render it as an imperative, "sacrifice men"; and the Syriac version, "O ye that sacrifice men".
Barnes' Notes on the Bible
And now they sin more and more - Sin draws on sin. This seems to be a third stage in sin. First, under Jeroboam, was the worship of the calves. Then, under Ahab, the worship of Baal. Thirdly, the multiplying of other idols (see 2 Kings 17:9-10), penetrating and pervading the private life, even of their less wealthy people. The calves were of gold; now they “made them molten images of their silver,” perhaps plated with silver. In Egypt, the mother of idolatry, it was common to gild idols, made of wood, stone, and bronze. The idolatry, then, had become more habitual, daily, universal. These idols were made of “their silver;” they themselves had had them “molten” out of it. Avaricious as they were (see the note above 2 Kings 12:7-8), they lavished “their silver,” to make them their gods. “According to their own understanding,” they had had them formed. They employed ingenuity and invention to multiply their idols. They despised the wisdom and commands of God who forbad it. The rules for making and coloring the idols were as minute as those, which God gave for His own worship. Idolatry had its own vast system, making the visible world its god and picturing its operations, over against the worship of God its Creator. But it was all, “their own understanding:” The conception of the idol lay in its maker’s mind. It was his own creation. He devised, what his idol should represent; how it should represent what his mind imagined; he debated with himself, rejected, chose, changed his choice, modified what he had fixed upon; all “according to his own understanding.” Their own understanding devised it; the labor of the craftsmen completed it.
All of it the work of the craftsmen - What man could do for it, he did. But man could not breathe into his idols the breath of life; there was then no spirit, nor life, nor any effluence from any higher nature, nor any deity residing in them. From first to last it was “all” man’s “work;” and man’s own wisdom was its condemnation. The thing made must be inferior to its maker. made man, inferior to Himself, but lord of the earth, and all things therein; man made his idol of the things of earth, which God gave him. It too then was inferior to “its” maker, man. He then worshiped in it, the conception of his own mind, the work of his own hands.
They say of them - Strictly, Of them, (i. e., of these things, such things, as these,) “they, say, Let the men that sacrifice kiss the calves.” The prophet gives the substance or the words of Jeroboam’s edict, when he said, “It is too much for you to go up to Jerusalem, behold thy gods, O Israel.” “Whoever would sacrifice, let him do homage to the calves.” He would have calf-worship to be the only worship of God. Error, if it is strong enough, ever persecutes the truth, unless it can corrupt it. Idol-worship was striving to extirpate the worship of God, which condemned it. Under Ahab and Jezebel, it seemed to have succeeded. Elijah complains to God in His own immediate presence; “the children of Israel have forsaken Thy covenant, thrown down Thine altars, and slain Thy prophets with the sword; and I, even I, only am left, and they seek my life, to take it away 1Ki 19:10, 1 Kings 19:14. Kissing was an act of homage in the East, done upon the hand or the foot, the knees or shoulder. It was a token of divine honor, whether to an idol (1 Kings 19:18 and here,) or to God Psalms 2:12. It was performed, either by actually kissing the image, or when the object could not be approached, (as the moon) kissing the hand Job 31:26-27, and so sending, as it were, the kiss to it. In the Psalm, it stands as a symbol of worship, to be shown toward “the” Incarnate “Son,” when God should make Him “King upon His holy hill of Sion.”
Clarke's Notes on the Bible
Verse Hosea 13:2. And now they sin more and more — They increase in every kind of vice, having abandoned the great Inspirer of virtue.
Let the men that sacrifice kiss the calves. — This was the test. If there be a Jew that pretends to sacrifice, and whose conversion is dubious, let him come openly and kiss the calves. This will show what he is; no real Jew will do this. If he be an idolater, he will not scruple. This was the ancient method of adoration.
1. They kissed the idol.
2. When the statue was too high or too far off, they presented the hand, in token of alliance.
3. They brought that hand respectfully to their mouths, and kissed it.
This was the genuine act of adoration; from ad, to, and os, oris, the mouth. So PLINY, Hist. Nat., lib. xxviii., c. 1. Adorando, dexteram ad oscula referimus.
And APULEIUS, Asin., lib. iv.: Admoventes oribus suis dexteram, ut ipsam prorsus deam religiosis adorationibus venerabantur. See Calmet, and Job 31:17.
