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New King James Version
Leviticus 11:13
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"'These you shall detest among the birds; they shall not be eaten, they are an abomination: the nesher, and the rakham, and the black rakham,
And these are they which ye shall have in abomination among the fowls; they shall not be eaten, they are an abomination: the eagle, and the ossifrage, and the ospray,
"‘And these you must detest from the birds; they must not be eaten—they are detestable: the eagle and the vulture and the short-toed eagle,
"‘Also, these are the birds you are to hate. They are hateful and should not be eaten. You must not eat eagles, vultures, black vultures,
"‘These you are to detest from among the birds—they must not be eaten, because they are detestable: the griffon vulture, the bearded vulture, the black vulture,
'These you shall detest among the birds; they are not to be eaten, for they are hated things: the eagle and the vulture and the buzzard,
'Moreover, these you shall detest among the birds; they are detestable, not to be eaten: the eagle, the vulture, and the buzzard,
These shal ye haue also in abomination among the foules, they shal not be eaten: for they are an abomination, the egle, and the goshauke, and the osprey:
‘These, moreover, you shall detest among the birds; they shall not be eaten; they are detestable: the eagle and the vulture and the buzzard,
Eagles, vultures, buzzards, crows, ostriches, hawks, sea gulls, owls, pelicans, storks, herons, hoopoes, and bats are also disgusting, and you are forbidden to eat any of them.
"‘The following creatures of the air are to be detestable for you — they are not to be eaten, they are a detestable thing: the eagle, the vulture, the osprey,
And these shall ye have in abomination of the fowls; they shall not be eaten; an abomination shall they be: the eagle, and the ossifrage, and the sea-eagle,
"You must also treat some birds as things that are wrong to eat. Stay away from them. It is a sickening thought for you to eat any of these birds: eagles, vultures, buzzards,
"And these you shall detest among the birds; they shall not be eaten; they are detestable: the eagle, the bearded vulture, the black vulture,
And these you shall abhor among the birds; they shall not be eaten, because they are unclean: the eagle and the vulture
You must not eat any of the following birds: eagles, owls, hawks, falcons; buzzards, vultures, crows; ostriches; seagulls, storks, herons, pelicans, cormorants; hoopoes; or bats.
“You are to abhor these birds. They must not be eaten because they are abhorrent:
And these you shall count unclean among the fowls; they shall not be eaten; they are unclean: the eagle, and the black vulture and the bearded vulture,
And these shal ye abhorre amonge ye foules, so that ye eate them not: The Aegle, the Goshauke, the Cormoraunte,
And these ye shall have in abomination among the birds; they shall not be eaten, they are an abomination: the eagle, and the gier-eagle, and the ospray,
And among birds these are to be disgusting to you, and not to be used for food: the eagle and the gier-eagle and the ospray;
These are they whiche ye shall abhorre among the foules, and that ought not to be eaten, for they are an abhomination: The Egle, the Goshauke, and the Ospray,
And these ye shall have in detestation among the fowls; they shall not be eaten, they are a detestable thing: the great vulture, and the bearded vulture, and the ospray;
And these are they which ye shall haue in abomination among the foules, they shall not be eaten, they are an abomination: The Eagle, and the Ossifrage, and the Ospray,
And these are the things which ye shall abhor of birds, and they shall not be eaten, they are an abomination: the eagle and the ossifrage, and the sea-eagle.
And these ye shall have in abomination among the fowls; they shall not be eaten, they are an abomination: the eagle, and the gier eagle, and the ospray;
Additionally, you are to detest the following birds, and they must not be eaten because they are detestable: the eagle, the bearded vulture, the black vulture,
These thingis ben of foulis whiche ye schulen not ete, and schulen be eschewid of you; an egle, and a grippe, aliete, and a kyte, and a vultur by his kynde;
`And these ye do abominate of the fowl; they are not eaten, an abomination they [are]: the eagle, and the ossifrage, and the ospray,
And these you shall detest among the birds; they shall not be eaten, they are detestable: the eagle, and the gier-eagle, and the ospray,
And these [are they which] ye shall have in abomination among the fowls; they shall not be eaten, they [are] an abomination: the eagle, and the ossifrage, and the ospray,
"'These you shall detest among the birds; they shall not be eaten, they are an abomination: the eagle, and the vulture, and the black vulture,
"These are the birds that are detestable to you. You must never eat them: the griffon vulture, the bearded vulture, the black vulture,
‘These you will hate among the birds. They are hated and not to be eaten: the eagle, the vulture, the buzzard,
These you shall regard as detestable among the birds. They shall not be eaten; they are an abomination: the eagle, the vulture, the osprey,
And, these, shall ye abhor of birds, they shall not be eaten, an abomination, they are, - the eagle, and the ossifrage, and the osprey;
Of birds these are they which you must not eat, and which are to be avoided by you: The eagle, and the griffon, and the osprey.
"And these you shall have in abomination among the birds, they shall not be eaten, they are an abomination: the eagle, the vulture, the osprey,
"These are the birds you are to detest. Don't eat them. They are detestable: eagle, vulture, osprey, kite, all falcons, all ravens, ostrich, nighthawk, sea gull, all hawks, owl, cormorant, ibis, water hen, pelican, Egyptian vulture, stork, all herons, hoopoe, bat.
'These, moreover, you shall detest among the birds; they are abhorrent, not to be eaten: the eagle and the vulture and the buzzard,
Contextual Overview
Bible Verse Review
from Treasury of Scripure Knowledge
the eagle: In Hebrew, nesher, Chaldee, neshar, Syriac, neshro, and Arabic, nishr, the eagle, one of the largest, strongest, swiftest, fiercest, and most rapacious of the feathered race. His eye is large, dark, and piercing; his beak powerful and hooked; his legs strong and feathered; his feet yellow and armed with four very long and terrific claws; his wings very large and powerful; his body compact and robust; his bones hard; his flesh firm; his feathers coarse; his attitude fierce and erect; his motions lively; his flight extremely rapid and towering; and his cry the terror of every wing. Deuteronomy 14:12-20, Job 28:7, Job 38:41, Job 39:27-30, Jeremiah 4:13, Jeremiah 4:22, Jeremiah 48:40, Lamentations 4:19, Hosea 8:1, Habakkuk 1:8, Matthew 24:28, Romans 1:28-32, Romans 3:13-17, Titus 3:3
the ossifrage: Peres, from paras to break, probably the species of eagle anciently called ossifraga or bone-breaker (from os, a bone, and frango, to break), because it not only strips off the flesh, but breaks the bone, in order to extract the marrow.
the ospray: Hebrew ozniyah, Arabic azan, and Chaldee azyah, (from azaz, to be strong), a species of eagle, probably the black eagle, so remarkable for its strength.
Reciprocal: Revelation 18:2 - become
Gill's Notes on the Bible
And these [are they which] ye shall have in abomination among the fowls,.... No description or sign is given of fowls, as of beasts and fishes, only the names of those not to be eaten; which, according to Maimonides, are twenty four; so that all the rest but these are clean fowls, and might be eaten; wherefore the same writer observes x, that,
"whoever was expert in these kinds, and in their names, might eat of every fowl which was not of them, and there was no need of an inquiry:''
but what creatures are intended by these is not now easy to know; very different are the sentiments both of the Jews and Christians concerning them; and indeed it does not much concern us Christians to know what are meant by them, but as curiosity may lead us to such an inquiry, not thinking ourselves bound by these laws; but it is of moment with the Jews to know them, who think they are; wherefore, to supply this deficiency, they venture to give some signs by which clean and unclean fowls may be known, and they are three; such are clean who have a superfluous claw, and also a craw, and a crop that is uncovered by the hand y; and on the contrary they are unclean, and not to be eaten, as says the Targum of Jonathan, which have no superfluous talon, or no craw, or a crop not uncovered:
they shall not be eaten, they [are] an abomination; and they are those that follow:
the eagle, and the ossifrage, and the ospray; about the first of these there is no difficulty, all agree the eagle is intended; which has its name either from the nature of its sight, or from the casting of its feathers, or from its tearing with its bill: it is a bird of prey, a very rapacious creature, and sometimes called the bird of Jupiter, and sacred to the gods; and these may be the reasons why forbid to be eaten, as well as because its flesh is hard, and not fit for food, and unwholesome; "the ossifrage" or "bone breaker" has its name from its tearing its prey and breaking its bones for the marrow, as the word "peres" here used signifies, Micah 3:3 it is said to dig up bodies in burying places to eat what it finds in the bones z: this is thought to be of the eagle kind, as it is reckoned by Pliny a, though Aristotle b speaks of it as very different from the eagle, as larger than that, and of an ash colour; and is so kind to the eagle's young, that when they are cast out by that, it takes them and brings them up: the "ospray" is the "halioeetus", or sea eagle, as the Septuagint version and several others render it; which Aristotle c describes as having a large and thick neck, crooked wings, and a broad tail, and resides about the sea and shores: Pliny d speaks of it as having a very clear sight, and, poising itself on high, having sight of a fish in the sea, will rush down at once and fetch it out of the water; and he also reports that she will take her young before they are fledged, and oblige them to look directly against the rays of the sun, and if any of them wink, or their eyes water, she casts them out of her nest as a spurious brood. Aristotle e, who relates the same, says she kills them. The name of this creature, in the Hebrew text, seems to be taken from its strength; wherefore Bochart f is of opinion, that the "melanoeetos", or black eagle, which, though the least of eagles as to its size, exceeds all others in strength, as both Aristotle g and Pliny h say; and therefore, as the latter observes, is called by the Romans "valeria", from its strength. Maimonides i says of these two last fowls, which we render the ossifrage and the ospray, that they are not to be found on the continent, but in the desert places of the isles of the sea very far off, even those which are at the end of the habitable world.
x Maacolot Asurot, c. 1. sect. 14, 15. y T. Bab. Cholin, fol. 75. 1. Maimon. ib. sect. 15. z Calmet's Dictionary in the word "Ossifraga". a Nat. Hist. l. 10. c. 3. b Hist. Animal. l. 6. c. 6. l. 8. c. 3. & l. 9. c. 34. c Ib. l. 9. c. 32. d Ut supra. (Nat. Hist. l. 10. c. 3.) e Ib. c. 34. f Hierozoic. par. 2. l. 2. c. 6. col. 188. g Ut supra, (Hist. Animal. l. 9.) c. 32. h Ut supra. (Nat. Hist. l. 10. c. 3.) i Maacolot Asurot, c. 1. sect. 17.
Barnes' Notes on the Bible
As far as they can be identified, the birds here mentioned are such as live upon animal food. They were those which the Israelites might have been tempted to eat, either from their being easy to obtain, or from the example of other nations, and which served as types of the entire range of prohibited kinds.
Leviticus 11:13
The eagle - Rather, the great vulture, which the Egyptians are known to have ranked as the first among birds. Compare 2 Samuel 1:23; Psalms 103:5; Proverbs 23:5, etc.
The Ossifrage, or bone-breaker, was the lammer-geyer, and the âosprayâ (a corruption of ossifrage) the sea-eagle.
Leviticus 11:14
The vulture - Rather, the (black) kite Isaiah 34:15 : âthe kite,â rather the red kite, remarkable for its piercing sight Job 28:7.
Leviticus 11:15
Every raven after his kind - i. e. the whole family of corvidae.
Leviticus 11:16
And the owl ... - Rather, âand the ostrich, and the owl, and the gull, and the hawk,â etc.
Leviticus 11:18
The swan - More probably the ibis, the sacred bird of the Egyptians. âThe gier eagleâ is most likely the Egyptian vulture, a bird of unprepossessing appearance and disgusting habits, but fostered by the Egyptians as a useful scavenger.
Leviticus 11:19
The heron ... the lapwing - Rather, the great plover the hoopoe, so called from its peculiar cry.
Clarke's Notes on the Bible
Verse Leviticus 11:13. And these - among the fowls - the eagle — × ×©×¨ nesher, from nashar, to lacerate, cut, or tear to pieces; hence the eagle, a most rapacious bird of prey, from its tearing the flesh of the animals it feeds on; and for this purpose birds of prey have, in general, strong, crooked talons and a hooked beak. The eagle is a cruel bird, exceedingly ravenous, and almost insatiable.
The ossifrage — Or bone-breaker, from os, a bone, and frango, I break, because it not only strips off the flesh, but breaks the bone in order to extract the marrow. In Hebrew it is called פרס peres, from paras, to break or divide in two, and probably signifies that species of the eagle anciently known by the name of ossifraga, and which we render ossifrage.
Ospray — ×¢×× ×× ozniyah, from ×¢×× azan, to be strong, vigorous; generally supposed to mean the black eagle, such as that described by Homer, Iliad. lib. xxi., ver. 252.
ÎιεÏÎ¿Ï Î¿Î¹Î¼Î±Ï' εÏÏν μελανοÏ, ÏÎ¿Ï Î¸Î·ÏηÏηÏοÏ,
ÎÌÏ Î¸' αμα καÏÏιÏÏÎ¿Ï Ïε και ÏκιÏÏÎ¿Ï ÏεÏεηνÏν.
"Having the rapidity of the black eagle, that bird of prey, at once the swiftest and the strongest of the feathered race."
Among the Greeks and Romans the eagle was held sacred, and is represented as carrying the thunderbolts of Jupiter. This occurs so frequently, and is so well known, that references are almost needless. See Scheuchzer.
