Lectionary Calendar
Tuesday, April 29th, 2025
the Second Week after Easter
the Second Week after Easter
video advertismenet
advertisement
advertisement
advertisement
Attention!
Take your personal ministry to the Next Level by helping StudyLight build churches and supporting pastors in Uganda.
Click here to join the effort!
Click here to join the effort!
Read the Bible
THE MESSAGE
1 Samuel 30:25
This verse is not available in the MSG!
Jump to:Bible Study Tools • Parallel Bible Verse • Bible Contextual Overview • Bible Cross-References • Gill's Bible Notes • Clarke's Bible Notes
Bible Study Resources
Dictionaries:
- AmericanEncyclopedias:
- CondensedParallel Translations
Christian Standard Bible®
And it has been so from that day forward. David established this policy as a law and an ordinance for Israel and it still continues today.
And it has been so from that day forward. David established this policy as a law and an ordinance for Israel and it still continues today.
Hebrew Names Version
It was so from that day forward, that he made it a statute and an ordinance for Yisra'el to this day.
It was so from that day forward, that he made it a statute and an ordinance for Yisra'el to this day.
King James Version
And it was so from that day forward, that he made it a statute and an ordinance for Israel unto this day.
And it was so from that day forward, that he made it a statute and an ordinance for Israel unto this day.
Lexham English Bible
So from that day and beyond, he made it a rule and a regulation for Israel until this day.
So from that day and beyond, he made it a rule and a regulation for Israel until this day.
English Standard Version
And he made it a statute and a rule for Israel from that day forward to this day.
And he made it a statute and a rule for Israel from that day forward to this day.
New Century Version
David made this an order and rule for Israel, which continues even today.
David made this an order and rule for Israel, which continues even today.
New English Translation
From that time onward it was a binding ordinance for Israel, right up to the present time.
From that time onward it was a binding ordinance for Israel, right up to the present time.
Amplified Bible
So from that day forward he made it a statute and an ordinance for Israel to this day.
So from that day forward he made it a statute and an ordinance for Israel to this day.
New American Standard Bible
So it has been from that day forward, that he made it a statute and an ordinance for Israel to this day.
So it has been from that day forward, that he made it a statute and an ordinance for Israel to this day.
Geneva Bible (1587)
So from that day forward hee made it a statute and a lawe in Israel, vntill this day.
So from that day forward hee made it a statute and a lawe in Israel, vntill this day.
Legacy Standard Bible
So it has been from that day forward, that he made it a statute and a judgment for Israel to this day.
So it has been from that day forward, that he made it a statute and a judgment for Israel to this day.
Contemporary English Version
David made this a law for Israel, and it has been the same ever since.
David made this a law for Israel, and it has been the same ever since.
Complete Jewish Bible
It has been that way from that day on; he established it as a ruling for Isra'el to this day.
It has been that way from that day on; he established it as a ruling for Isra'el to this day.
Darby Translation
And it was [so] from that day forward; and he made it a statute and an ordinance for Israel to this day.
And it was [so] from that day forward; and he made it a statute and an ordinance for Israel to this day.
Easy-to-Read Version
David made this an order and rule for Israel. This rule continues even today.
David made this an order and rule for Israel. This rule continues even today.
George Lamsa Translation
And it was so from that day forward that David made it a statute and an ordinance for Israel even to this day.
And it was so from that day forward that David made it a statute and an ordinance for Israel even to this day.
Good News Translation
David made this a rule, and it has been followed in Israel ever since.
David made this a rule, and it has been followed in Israel ever since.
Literal Translation
And it was so , from that day and forward he commanded it for a statute and for an ordinance for Israel to this day.
And it was so , from that day and forward he commanded it for a statute and for an ordinance for Israel to this day.
Miles Coverdale Bible (1535)
From that tyme forth hath this bene an ordinaunce & lawe in Israel vnto this daye.
From that tyme forth hath this bene an ordinaunce & lawe in Israel vnto this daye.
American Standard Version
And it was so from that day forward, that he made it a statute and an ordinance for Israel unto this day.
And it was so from that day forward, that he made it a statute and an ordinance for Israel unto this day.
Bible in Basic English
And so he made it a rule and an order for Israel from that day till now.
And so he made it a rule and an order for Israel from that day till now.
Bishop's Bible (1568)
And so from that day forward, was that made a statute and lawe in Israel, vnto this day,
And so from that day forward, was that made a statute and lawe in Israel, vnto this day,
JPS Old Testament (1917)
And it was so from that day forward, that he made it a statute and an ordinance for Israel unto this day.
And it was so from that day forward, that he made it a statute and an ordinance for Israel unto this day.
King James Version (1611)
And it was so from that day forward, that he made it a statute, and an ordinance for Israel, vnto this day.
And it was so from that day forward, that he made it a statute, and an ordinance for Israel, vnto this day.
Brenton's Septuagint (LXX)
And it came to pass from that day forward, that it became an ordinance and a custom in Israel until this day.
And it came to pass from that day forward, that it became an ordinance and a custom in Israel until this day.
English Revised Version
And it was so from that day forward, that he made it a statute and an ordinance for Israel, unto this day.
And it was so from that day forward, that he made it a statute and an ordinance for Israel, unto this day.
Berean Standard Bible
And so it has been from that day forward. David established this statute as an ordinance for Israel to this very day.
And so it has been from that day forward. David established this statute as an ordinance for Israel to this very day.
Wycliffe Bible (1395)
And this was maad a constitucioun and doom fro that dai and afterward, and as a lawe in Israel til in to this dai.
And this was maad a constitucioun and doom fro that dai and afterward, and as a lawe in Israel til in to this dai.
Young's Literal Translation
And it cometh to pass from that day and forward, that he appointeth it for a statute and for an ordinance for Israel unto this day.
And it cometh to pass from that day and forward, that he appointeth it for a statute and for an ordinance for Israel unto this day.
Update Bible Version
And it was so from that day forward, that he made it a statute and an ordinance for Israel to this day.
And it was so from that day forward, that he made it a statute and an ordinance for Israel to this day.
Webster's Bible Translation
And it was [so] from that day forward, that he made it a statute and an ordinance for Israel to this day.
And it was [so] from that day forward, that he made it a statute and an ordinance for Israel to this day.
World English Bible
It was so from that day forward, that he made it a statute and an ordinance for Israel to this day.
It was so from that day forward, that he made it a statute and an ordinance for Israel to this day.
New King James Version
So it was, from that day forward; he made it a statute and an ordinance for Israel to this day.
So it was, from that day forward; he made it a statute and an ordinance for Israel to this day.
New Living Translation
From then on David made this a decree and regulation for Israel, and it is still followed today.
From then on David made this a decree and regulation for Israel, and it is still followed today.
New Life Bible
He made it a law for Israel from that day to this.
He made it a law for Israel from that day to this.
New Revised Standard
From that day forward he made it a statute and an ordinance for Israel; it continues to the present day.
From that day forward he made it a statute and an ordinance for Israel; it continues to the present day.
J.B. Rotherham Emphasized Bible
And so it came to pass, from that day forward, that he appointed it, for a statute and for a custom unto Israel, until this day.
And so it came to pass, from that day forward, that he appointed it, for a statute and for a custom unto Israel, until this day.
Douay-Rheims Bible
And this hath been done from that day forward, and since was made a statute and an ordinance, and as a law in Israel.
And this hath been done from that day forward, and since was made a statute and an ordinance, and as a law in Israel.
Revised Standard Version
And from that day forward he made it a statute and an ordinance for Israel to this day.
And from that day forward he made it a statute and an ordinance for Israel to this day.
New American Standard Bible (1995)
So it has been from that day forward, that he made it a statute and an ordinance for Israel to this day.
So it has been from that day forward, that he made it a statute and an ordinance for Israel to this day.
Contextual Overview
21 Then David came to the two hundred who had been too tired to continue with him and had dropped out at the Brook Besor. They came out to welcome David and his band. As he came near he called out, "Success!" 22 But all the mean-spirited men who had marched with David, the rabble element, objected: "They didn't help in the rescue, they don't get any of the plunder we recovered. Each man can have his wife and children, but that's it. Take them and go!" 23"Families don't do this sort of thing! Oh no, my brothers!" said David as he broke up the argument. "You can't act this way with what God gave us! God kept us safe. He handed over the raiders who attacked us. Who would ever listen to this kind of talk? The share of the one who stays with the gear is the share of the one who fights—equal shares. Share and share alike!" From that day on, David made that the rule in Israel—and it still is. 26On returning to Ziklag, David sent portions of the plunder to the elders of Judah, his neighbors, with a note saying, "A gift from the plunder of God 's enemies!" He sent them to the elders in Bethel, Ramoth Negev, Jattir, Aroer, Siphmoth, Eshtemoa, Racal, Jerahmeelite cities, Kenite cities, Hormah, Bor Ashan, Athach, and Hebron, along with a number of other places David and his men went to from time to time.
Bible Verse Review
from Treasury of Scripure Knowledge
forward: Heb. and forward, 1 Samuel 16:13
Reciprocal: Exodus 12:14 - by an ordinance Exodus 27:21 - a statute for ever Numbers 15:15 - an ordinance Numbers 27:11 - a statute Numbers 31:27 - two parts Joshua 4:9 - and they are there Esther 9:27 - and upon their seed
Cross-References
Genesis 18:33
When God finished talking with Abraham, he left. And Abraham went home.
When God finished talking with Abraham, he left. And Abraham went home.
Genesis 24:56
He said, "Oh, don't make me wait! God has worked everything out so well—send me off to my master."
He said, "Oh, don't make me wait! God has worked everything out so well—send me off to my master."
Genesis 28:13
Then God was right before him, saying, "I am God , the God of Abraham your father and the God of Isaac. I'm giving the ground on which you are sleeping to you and to your descendants. Your descendants will be as the dust of the Earth; they'll stretch from west to east and from north to south. All the families of the Earth will bless themselves in you and your descendants. Yes. I'll stay with you, I'll protect you wherever you go, and I'll bring you back to this very ground. I'll stick with you until I've done everything I promised you."
Then God was right before him, saying, "I am God , the God of Abraham your father and the God of Isaac. I'm giving the ground on which you are sleeping to you and to your descendants. Your descendants will be as the dust of the Earth; they'll stretch from west to east and from north to south. All the families of the Earth will bless themselves in you and your descendants. Yes. I'll stay with you, I'll protect you wherever you go, and I'll bring you back to this very ground. I'll stick with you until I've done everything I promised you."
Genesis 30:6
Rachel said, "God took my side and vindicated me. He listened to me and gave me a son." She named him Dan (Vindication). Rachel's maid Bilhah became pregnant again and gave Jacob a second son. Rachel said, "I've been in an all-out fight with my sister—and I've won." So she named him Naphtali (Fight).
Rachel said, "God took my side and vindicated me. He listened to me and gave me a son." She named him Dan (Vindication). Rachel's maid Bilhah became pregnant again and gave Jacob a second son. Rachel said, "I've been in an all-out fight with my sister—and I've won." So she named him Naphtali (Fight).
Genesis 30:15
Leah said, "Wasn't it enough that you got my husband away from me? And now you also want my son's mandrakes?" Rachel said, "All right. I'll let him sleep with you tonight in exchange for your son's love-apples."
Leah said, "Wasn't it enough that you got my husband away from me? And now you also want my son's mandrakes?" Rachel said, "All right. I'll let him sleep with you tonight in exchange for your son's love-apples."
Genesis 30:16
When Jacob came home that evening from the fields, Leah was there to meet him: "Sleep with me tonight; I've bartered my son's mandrakes for a night with you." So he slept with her that night. God listened to Leah; she became pregnant and gave Jacob a fifth son. She said, "God rewarded me for giving my maid to my husband." She named him Issachar (Bartered). Leah became pregnant yet again and gave Jacob a sixth son, saying, "God has given me a great gift. This time my husband will honor me with gifts—I've given him six sons!" She named him Zebulun (Honor). Last of all she had a daughter and named her Dinah.
When Jacob came home that evening from the fields, Leah was there to meet him: "Sleep with me tonight; I've bartered my son's mandrakes for a night with you." So he slept with her that night. God listened to Leah; she became pregnant and gave Jacob a fifth son. She said, "God rewarded me for giving my maid to my husband." She named him Issachar (Bartered). Leah became pregnant yet again and gave Jacob a sixth son, saying, "God has given me a great gift. This time my husband will honor me with gifts—I've given him six sons!" She named him Zebulun (Honor). Last of all she had a daughter and named her Dinah.
Genesis 31:55
Jacob learned that Laban's sons were talking behind his back: "Jacob has used our father's wealth to make himself rich at our father's expense." At the same time, Jacob noticed that Laban had changed toward him. He wasn't treating him the same. That's when God said to Jacob, "Go back home where you were born. I'll go with you." So Jacob sent word for Rachel and Leah to meet him out in the field where his flocks were. He said, "I notice that your father has changed toward me; he doesn't treat me the same as before. But the God of my father hasn't changed; he's still with me. You know how hard I've worked for your father. Still, your father has cheated me over and over, changing my wages time and again. But God never let him really hurt me. If he said, ‘Your wages will consist of speckled animals' the whole flock would start having speckled lambs and kids. And if he said, ‘From now on your wages will be streaked animals' the whole flock would have streaked ones. Over and over God used your father's livestock to reward me. "Once, while the flocks were mating, I had a dream and saw the billy goats, all of them streaked, speckled, and mottled, mounting their mates. In the dream an angel of God called out to me, ‘Jacob!' "I said, ‘Yes?' "He said, ‘Watch closely. Notice that all the goats in the flock that are mating are streaked, speckled, and mottled. I know what Laban's been doing to you. I'm the God of Bethel where you consecrated a pillar and made a vow to me. Now be on your way, get out of this place, go home to your birthplace.'" Rachel and Leah said, "Has he treated us any better? Aren't we treated worse than outsiders? All he wanted was the money he got from selling us, and he's spent all that. Any wealth that God has seen fit to return to us from our father is justly ours and our children's. Go ahead. Do what God told you." Jacob did it. He put his children and his wives on camels and gathered all his livestock and everything he had gotten, everything acquired in Paddan Aram, to go back home to his father Isaac in the land of Canaan. Laban was off shearing sheep. Rachel stole her father's household gods. And Jacob had concealed his plans so well that Laban the Aramean had no idea what was going on—he was totally in the dark. Jacob got away with everything he had and was soon across the Euphrates headed for the hill country of Gilead. Three days later, Laban got the news: "Jacob's run off." Laban rounded up his relatives and chased after him. Seven days later they caught up with him in the hill country of Gilead. That night God came to Laban the Aramean in a dream and said, "Be careful what you do to Jacob, whether good or bad." When Laban reached him, Jacob's tents were pitched in the Gilead mountains; Laban pitched his tents there, too. "What do you mean," said Laban, "by keeping me in the dark and sneaking off, hauling my daughters off like prisoners of war? Why did you run off like a thief in the night? Why didn't you tell me? Why, I would have sent you off with a great celebration—music, timbrels, flutes! But you wouldn't permit me so much as a kiss for my daughters and grandchildren. It was a stupid thing for you to do. If I had a mind to, I could destroy you right now, but the God of your father spoke to me last night, ‘Be careful what you do to Jacob, whether good or bad.' I understand. You left because you were homesick. But why did you steal my household gods?" Jacob answered Laban, "I was afraid. I thought you would take your daughters away from me by brute force. But as far as your gods are concerned, if you find that anybody here has them, that person dies. With all of us watching, look around. If you find anything here that belongs to you, take it." Jacob didn't know that Rachel had stolen the gods. Laban went through Jacob's tent, Leah's tent, and the tents of the two maids but didn't find them. He went from Leah's tent to Rachel's. But Rachel had taken the household gods, put them inside a camel cushion, and was sitting on them. When Laban had gone through the tent, searching high and low without finding a thing, Rachel said to her father, "Don't think I'm being disrespectful, my master, that I can't stand before you, but I'm having my period." So even though he turned the place upside down in his search, he didn't find the household gods. Now it was Jacob's turn to get angry. He lit into Laban: "So what's my crime, what wrong have I done you that you badger me like this? You've ransacked the place. Have you turned up a single thing that's yours? Let's see it—display the evidence. Our two families can be the jury and decide between us. "In the twenty years I've worked for you, ewes and she-goats never miscarried. I never feasted on the rams from your flock. I never brought you a torn carcass killed by wild animals but that I paid for it out of my own pocket—actually, you made me pay whether it was my fault or not. I was out in all kinds of weather, from torrid heat to freezing cold, putting in many a sleepless night. For twenty years I've done this: I slaved away fourteen years for your two daughters and another six years for your flock and you changed my wages ten times. If the God of my father, the God of Abraham and the Fear of Isaac, had not stuck with me, you would have sent me off penniless. But God saw the fix I was in and how hard I had worked and last night rendered his verdict." Laban defended himself: "The daughters are my daughters, the children are my children, the flock is my flock—everything you see is mine. But what can I do about my daughters or for the children they've had? So let's settle things between us, make a covenant—God will be the witness between us." Jacob took a stone and set it upright as a pillar. Jacob called his family around, "Get stones!" They gathered stones and heaped them up and then ate there beside the pile of stones. Laban named it in Aramaic, Yegar-sahadutha (Witness Monument); Jacob echoed the naming in Hebrew, Galeed (Witness Monument). Laban said, "This monument of stones will be a witness, beginning now, between you and me." (That's why it is called Galeed—Witness Monument.) It is also called Mizpah (Watchtower) because Laban said, " God keep watch between you and me when we are out of each other's sight. If you mistreat my daughters or take other wives when there's no one around to see you, God will see you and stand witness between us." Laban continued to Jacob, "This monument of stones and this stone pillar that I have set up is a witness, a witness that I won't cross this line to hurt you and you won't cross this line to hurt me. The God of Abraham and the God of Nahor (the God of their ancestor) will keep things straight between us." Jacob promised, swearing by the Fear, the God of his father Isaac. Then Jacob offered a sacrifice on the mountain and worshiped, calling in all his family members to the meal. They ate and slept that night on the mountain. Laban got up early the next morning, kissed his grandchildren and his daughters, blessed them, and then set off for home.
Jacob learned that Laban's sons were talking behind his back: "Jacob has used our father's wealth to make himself rich at our father's expense." At the same time, Jacob noticed that Laban had changed toward him. He wasn't treating him the same. That's when God said to Jacob, "Go back home where you were born. I'll go with you." So Jacob sent word for Rachel and Leah to meet him out in the field where his flocks were. He said, "I notice that your father has changed toward me; he doesn't treat me the same as before. But the God of my father hasn't changed; he's still with me. You know how hard I've worked for your father. Still, your father has cheated me over and over, changing my wages time and again. But God never let him really hurt me. If he said, ‘Your wages will consist of speckled animals' the whole flock would start having speckled lambs and kids. And if he said, ‘From now on your wages will be streaked animals' the whole flock would have streaked ones. Over and over God used your father's livestock to reward me. "Once, while the flocks were mating, I had a dream and saw the billy goats, all of them streaked, speckled, and mottled, mounting their mates. In the dream an angel of God called out to me, ‘Jacob!' "I said, ‘Yes?' "He said, ‘Watch closely. Notice that all the goats in the flock that are mating are streaked, speckled, and mottled. I know what Laban's been doing to you. I'm the God of Bethel where you consecrated a pillar and made a vow to me. Now be on your way, get out of this place, go home to your birthplace.'" Rachel and Leah said, "Has he treated us any better? Aren't we treated worse than outsiders? All he wanted was the money he got from selling us, and he's spent all that. Any wealth that God has seen fit to return to us from our father is justly ours and our children's. Go ahead. Do what God told you." Jacob did it. He put his children and his wives on camels and gathered all his livestock and everything he had gotten, everything acquired in Paddan Aram, to go back home to his father Isaac in the land of Canaan. Laban was off shearing sheep. Rachel stole her father's household gods. And Jacob had concealed his plans so well that Laban the Aramean had no idea what was going on—he was totally in the dark. Jacob got away with everything he had and was soon across the Euphrates headed for the hill country of Gilead. Three days later, Laban got the news: "Jacob's run off." Laban rounded up his relatives and chased after him. Seven days later they caught up with him in the hill country of Gilead. That night God came to Laban the Aramean in a dream and said, "Be careful what you do to Jacob, whether good or bad." When Laban reached him, Jacob's tents were pitched in the Gilead mountains; Laban pitched his tents there, too. "What do you mean," said Laban, "by keeping me in the dark and sneaking off, hauling my daughters off like prisoners of war? Why did you run off like a thief in the night? Why didn't you tell me? Why, I would have sent you off with a great celebration—music, timbrels, flutes! But you wouldn't permit me so much as a kiss for my daughters and grandchildren. It was a stupid thing for you to do. If I had a mind to, I could destroy you right now, but the God of your father spoke to me last night, ‘Be careful what you do to Jacob, whether good or bad.' I understand. You left because you were homesick. But why did you steal my household gods?" Jacob answered Laban, "I was afraid. I thought you would take your daughters away from me by brute force. But as far as your gods are concerned, if you find that anybody here has them, that person dies. With all of us watching, look around. If you find anything here that belongs to you, take it." Jacob didn't know that Rachel had stolen the gods. Laban went through Jacob's tent, Leah's tent, and the tents of the two maids but didn't find them. He went from Leah's tent to Rachel's. But Rachel had taken the household gods, put them inside a camel cushion, and was sitting on them. When Laban had gone through the tent, searching high and low without finding a thing, Rachel said to her father, "Don't think I'm being disrespectful, my master, that I can't stand before you, but I'm having my period." So even though he turned the place upside down in his search, he didn't find the household gods. Now it was Jacob's turn to get angry. He lit into Laban: "So what's my crime, what wrong have I done you that you badger me like this? You've ransacked the place. Have you turned up a single thing that's yours? Let's see it—display the evidence. Our two families can be the jury and decide between us. "In the twenty years I've worked for you, ewes and she-goats never miscarried. I never feasted on the rams from your flock. I never brought you a torn carcass killed by wild animals but that I paid for it out of my own pocket—actually, you made me pay whether it was my fault or not. I was out in all kinds of weather, from torrid heat to freezing cold, putting in many a sleepless night. For twenty years I've done this: I slaved away fourteen years for your two daughters and another six years for your flock and you changed my wages ten times. If the God of my father, the God of Abraham and the Fear of Isaac, had not stuck with me, you would have sent me off penniless. But God saw the fix I was in and how hard I had worked and last night rendered his verdict." Laban defended himself: "The daughters are my daughters, the children are my children, the flock is my flock—everything you see is mine. But what can I do about my daughters or for the children they've had? So let's settle things between us, make a covenant—God will be the witness between us." Jacob took a stone and set it upright as a pillar. Jacob called his family around, "Get stones!" They gathered stones and heaped them up and then ate there beside the pile of stones. Laban named it in Aramaic, Yegar-sahadutha (Witness Monument); Jacob echoed the naming in Hebrew, Galeed (Witness Monument). Laban said, "This monument of stones will be a witness, beginning now, between you and me." (That's why it is called Galeed—Witness Monument.) It is also called Mizpah (Watchtower) because Laban said, " God keep watch between you and me when we are out of each other's sight. If you mistreat my daughters or take other wives when there's no one around to see you, God will see you and stand witness between us." Laban continued to Jacob, "This monument of stones and this stone pillar that I have set up is a witness, a witness that I won't cross this line to hurt you and you won't cross this line to hurt me. The God of Abraham and the God of Nahor (the God of their ancestor) will keep things straight between us." Jacob promised, swearing by the Fear, the God of his father Isaac. Then Jacob offered a sacrifice on the mountain and worshiped, calling in all his family members to the meal. They ate and slept that night on the mountain. Laban got up early the next morning, kissed his grandchildren and his daughters, blessed them, and then set off for home.
Gill's Notes on the Bible
And it was [so] from that day forward,.... Or "upwards" x, of old, formerly; and so may refer either to what was done at the war with Midian, Numbers 31:27; or in the times of Abraham, Genesis 14:23; and so Jarchi observes, it is not said, "henceforward", but "upwards", it being a statute and custom in the days of Abraham; the same he notes on Genesis 14:24; where he, David, learnt this from thence; though Josephus y is express for it, that this law obtained from the time of David; and such was his authority, though as yet not king, but a wise and just commander:
that he made it a statute and an ordinance for Israel unto this day; it appeared so reasonable and equitable, that it was always regarded and attended to.
x ומעלה "et supra", Pagninus, Montanus; "et jam olim", Tigurine version. y Antiqu. l. 6. c, 14. sect. 6.
Clarke's Notes on the Bible
Verse 1 Samuel 30:25. He made it a statute and an ordinance for Israel — Nothing could be more just and proper than this law: he who stays at home to defend house and property, has an equal right to the booty taken by those who go out to the war. There was a practice of this kind among the Israelites long before this time; see Numbers 31:27; Joshua 22:8; and the note on this latter verse. Joshua 22:8.
Unto this day. — This is another indication that this book was composed long after the facts it commemorates. See the hypothesis in the preface.
