Bible Lexicons

";a body"; (1) properly of the human body (a) ";alive"; : cf. P Cairo Zen I. 59034.20 (B.C. 257) μετὰ τῆς τοῦ σώματος ὑγιείας, and the common salutation, as in ib. 59036.9 (B.C. 257), εἰ τῶι τε σώματι ἔρρωσαι καὶ τἄλλα σοι κατὰ γνώμη [ν ] ἐστίν, εἴη ἂν ὡς ἡμεῖς θέλομεν. See also BGU IV. 1208.48 (B.C. 27–26) τὰ δὲ ] α ̣͗λλα χαρι ̣ε ̣ῖ τ ̣ο ̣υ ̣̑ σ ̣ω ̣μ ̣α ̣(τος) [ἐπι ]μ ̣ε ̣(λόμενος) ἵ ̣ν ̛̣ ὑ ̣γ ̣ι ̣ε ̣νῃς, ο ̣] δη ̣̣ μέγιστον ἡγ ̣ο ̣υ ̣ͅμ ̣[αι, PSI VII. 807.23 (A.D. 280) where a prisoner petitions ἔχειν τὸ σῶμα ἐλεύθερον καὶ ἀνύβριστον, and the magic P Lond 121.589 (iii/A.D.) (= I. p. 103) διαφύλασσέ μου τὸ σῶμα τὴν ψυχὴν ὁλόκληρον. Cf. Aristeas 139 ἁγνοὶ καθεστῶτες κατὰ σῶμα καὶ κατὰ ψυχήν. The tripartite division of 1 Thessalonians 5:23 is found in P Oxy VIII. 1161.6 (iv/A.D.), where the writer (a Christian) prays to our God and the gracious Saviour and His beloved Son, ο ̣̓́π ̣ως οὗτοι πάντες β [ο ]ηθήσωσιν ἡμῶν τῷ σώματι, τῇ ψυχῇ, τῷ. . . πν (εύματι).

For the corresponding dim. σωμάτιον see the Christian letter P Oxy VI. 939.21 (iv/A.D.) (= Chrest. I. p. 156, Selections, p. 129) εἰ μὴ ἐπινόσως ἐσχήκει τὸ σωμάτιον τότε ὁ υἱὸς Ἀθανάσιος, αὐτὸν ἂν ἀπέστειλα πρός σε, ";unless my son Athanasius had been then in a sickly state of body, I would have sent him to you,"; and ib..26 νοσηλότερον δὲ ὅμως τὸ σωμάτιον ἔχει, ";she is still in a somewhat sickly state of body.";

(b) ";dead,"; ";a corpse,"; as in Mark 15:43 et saepe : cf. P Leid Mii. 2 (ii/ B.C.) (= I. p. 60) τὴν προστασίαν τῶν ἐπιβαλλόντων αὐτῷ σωμάτων, τῶν μεταγομένων εἰς τοὺς τάφους, and ib. Wvii. 14 (ii/iii A.D. a spell—Ἔγερσις σώματος νεκροῦ. In P Oxy I. 51.7 (A.D. 173) a public physician reports that he had been instructed ἐφιδεῖν σῶμα νεκρὸν ἀπηρτημένον, ";to inspect the dead body of a man who had been found hanged,"; and in P Grenf II. 77.3 (iii/iv A.D.) the writer states that he has dispatched through the grave-digger τὸ σῶμα τοῦ [ἀδελφοῦ ] Φιβίωνος, and has paid [το ]ὺς μισθοὺς τῆς παρακομιδῆς τοῦ σώματος. Similarly σωμάτιον in the illiterate P Oxy VII. 1068.6 (iii/A.D.), where the writer asks for a ship, εἵνα δυνηθῶ τὸ σωμάτιν κατενενκῖν ἐν Ἀλεξάνδριαν, ";so that I might be able to carry the corpse down to Alexandria.";

(2) For σώματα = ";slaves,"; as in Revelation 18:13 and frequently in the LXX, we can now produce many exx. The word stands alone in such passages as P Cairo Zen I. 59027.2 (B.C. 258) ὀψώνιον τοῖς σώμασιν, ";wages for the slaves,"; P Hib I. 54.20 (c. B.C. 245) τὸ σῶμα δὲ εἰ συνείληφας, ";but if you have arrested the slave"; (Edd.), P Oxy III. 493.7 (a Will—early ii/A.D.) τὰ ἄπρατα τῶν σωμάτων, ";unsold slaves,"; and BGU I. 1871.12 (A.D. 159) Μελανᾶς ὁ προκίμενος [πέπ ]ραχα τὸ σῶμα, where the context shows that a ";slave"; is intended.

For σῶμα in this sense but with a defining epithet cf. P Lond 401.9 (B.C. 116–111) (= II. p. 14) τῶν οἰκετικῶν σωμάτ [ων, P Oxy I. 94.9 (A.D. 83) πατρικὰ δοῦλα σώματα, BGU I. 168.9 (A.D. 169) δουλι [κ ]ῶν σωμάτων, and P Lond 251.23 (A.D. 337–350) (= II. p. 317) τῶν δούλων σωμάτων.

The dim. σωμάτιον is correspondingly used in P Oxy I. 37i. 7 (A.D. 49) ἀρρενικὸν σωμάτιον, ";a male foundling,"; whom the next document in the vol. shows to have been a ";slave";; and similarly the agreement for the nursing of a ";slave-child"; for two years, P Ryl II. 178.1 (early i/A.D.) μηδὲ ἕτερον σωμα ̣τ ̣ι ̣ο ̣ν ̣ π ̣α ̣ρ ̣α ̣[θηλάζειν παρ ]α ̣̣ τ ̣ο ̣δ ̣ε ̣, ";and not to nurse another than this one";; and ib. 244.10 (iii/A.D.) τὰ δὲ σωμάτια πολλοῦ ἐστὶν ἐνθά [δ ]ε καὶ οὐ συμφέρει ἀγοράσαι, ";slaves are very dear here, and it is inexpedient to buy"; (Edd.).

(3) Σῶμα has also the general sense of ";person,"; as when in the iii/B.C. census-paper, P Petr III. 59 (b).2, σώματα ἐρσενικά are simply = ";males,"; or in ib. 107, an account of fares and freights, where the word is applied repeatedly to ";passengers. ";In P Petr II. 13 (3).5 (B.C. 258–3) ";warning is uttered that a prison wall may fall, and some of the prisoners perish—διαφανῆσαί τι τῶν σωμάτων. So in PSI IV. 359.6 (B.C. 252–1) a certain μισθωτός is referred to as τὸ σῶμα : cf. ib. 366.7 (B.C. 250–49), and the editor’s introd. to ib. 423.

(4) Reference may also be made to the metaph. use of σῶμα to denote the ";body"; of a document, as in P Fay 34.20 (A.D. 161) Ἥρων ὁ προγεγρα (μμένος) ἔγραψα τὸ σῶμα καὶ συνεθέμην πᾶσι τοῖς προκειμένοις καθὼς πρόκειται, ";I, Heron, the above-mentioned, have written the body of the contract and agreed to all the aforesaid terms as is aforesaid"; (Edd.) : cf. P Lond 1132 b..11 (A.D. 142) (= III. p. 142) ἔγρα ]ψα τὸ σῶμα [αὐτοῦ τὸ ὄ ]νομα ὑπογράφοντος ἔτους πέμπτ [ου ] Ἀντωνίνου Καίσαρος.

 

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