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Bible Lexicons
Old & New Testament Greek Lexical Dictionary Greek Lexicon
Strong's #4657 - σκύβαλον
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- any refuse, as the excrement of animals, offscourings, rubbish, dregs
- of things worthless and detestable
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σκῠβᾰλ-ον, τό,
dung, excrement, Plu. 2.352d, Alex.Aphr. Proverbs 1:18 : pl., ς. λευκὰ καὶ ἀργιλώδεα Aret. SD 1.15, cf. Str. 14.1.37, J. BJ 5.13.7, etc.; manure, PFay. 119.7 (i/ii A.D.) .
2. refuse, offal, Ep.Philippians 3:8, Jul. Or. 5.179c; ἀποδειπνίδιον ς . AP 6.302 ( Leon. ); ἄνδρα, πολύκλαυτον ναυτιλίης ς . ib. 7.276 ( Hegesipp. ); τέφρης λοιπὸν ἔτι ς . ib. 382 ( Phil. ); opp. τὸ χρήσιμον, Ath.Med. ap. Orib. 1.2.8; ς. τοῦ σησάμου PCair.Zen. 494.16 (iii B.C.); ς . χόρτου PSI 3.184.7 (pl., iii A.D. ): pl., δεῖπνον ἀπὸ σκυβάλων AP 6.303 ( Aristo ); ς. ἀνθρώπου LXX Si. 27.4 .
σκύβαλον, σκυβαλου, τό (κυσιβαλον τί ὄν, τό τοῖς κυσί βαλλόμενον, Suidas (p. 3347 c.; to the same effect Etym. Magn., p. 719, 53 cf. 125, 44; others connect it with σκῶρ (cf. scoria, Latinstercus), others with a root meaning 'to shiver', 'shred'; Fick, Part i., p. 244)), any refuse, as the excrement of animals, offscouring, rubbish, dregs, etc.: (A. V. dung) i. e. worthless and detestable, Philippians 3:8. (Sir. 27:4; Philo; Josephus, b. j. 5, 13, 7; Plutarch; Strabo; often in the Anthol.) (See on the word, Lightfoot on Philippians, the passage cited; Gataker, Advers. Miscell. Posth., c. xliii, p. 868ff.)
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**† σκύβαλον , -ου , τό ,
[in LXX: Sirach 27:4 *;]
refuse, esp. dung (v. MM, ii, iii, xxiii): Philippians 3:8.†
Copyright © 1922 by G. Abbott-Smith, D.D., D.C.L.. T & T Clarke, London.
";a soldier"; : cf. P Amh II. 39.4 (letter of a captain—late ii/B.C.) τοῖς ἄλλοις [στ ]ρ [α ]τιώται [ς ] πᾶσι χαίρειν, P Oxy II. 240.7 (A.D. 37) εἶ μὴν [μὴ συνε ]ιδέναι με μηδενὶ διασεσεισμέ [νωι ἐπὶ ] τῶν προκειμένων κωμῶν ὑπὸ [. . . . . .]ο ̣ς στρατιώτου καὶ τῶν παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ, ";that I know of no one in the village aforesaid from whom extortions have been made by the soldier . . . or his agents"; (Edd.) (cf. Luke 3:14), ib. 276.9 (A.D. 77) Κλαυδίου Κέλερος στρατιώτου λεγεῶνος δευτέρας, and ib. I. 64.3 (iii/iv A.D.) ἐξαυτῆς παράδοτε τῷ ἀποσταλέντι ὑπ᾽ ἐμοῦ στρατιώτῃ. In P Fay 135.6 (iv/A.D.) a son writes to his father urging him to pay a debt ἵνα μ ̣[ὴ ] δ ̣ο ̣ξὴ ̣ μ ̣[ο ]ι στρατιώτας ἀποστῖλαι ἐπὶ σαὶ καὶ συνκλισθῇς ἄχρις ἂν πληρώσῃς, ";that I may not liave to send soldiers after you, and you be put in prison until you pay"; (Edd.). Reference may also be made to P Lond 417 (c. A.D. 346) (= II.p. 299f., Selections, p. 123f.), where a praefect asks for the forgiveness of a deserter Παύλω τοῦ στρατιότη, under circumstances which closely recall the Ep. to Philemon. For a soldier in the service of the Church, apparently as its guardian and protector, see P Lond V. 1776.1 (vi/vii A.D.), with the editor’s note. See also Dibelius HZNT ad Ephesians 6:10.
For the adj. στρατιωτικός see P Ryl II. 256.3 (i/B.C.) where a young man complains that he has been deprived of τὰ λειφθέν [τα μο ]ι ̣ [πατ ]ρικὴν στρατιωτικήν μάχαιραν, ib. 189.4 (A.D. 128) ἰς <σ >τρατιωτικὰς χρείὰς τῶν ἐν τῇ Ιου íα ýδαίᾳ στρατευομένων παλλίῳλα λευκὰ πέντε, ";for the needs of the soldiers serving in Judaea five white cloaks"; (Edd.), and P Oxy I. 71ii. 7 (A.D. 303) στρατιωτικὰς εὐθενίας, ";supplies for the soldiers"; (Edd.).
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