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Bible Lexicons
Old & New Testament Greek Lexical Dictionary Greek Lexicon
Strong's #4654 - σκοτίζω
- Thayer
- Strong
- Mounce
- to cover with darkness, to darken
- to be covered with darkness, be darkened
- of heavenly bodies as deprived of light
- metaph.
- of the eyes
- of the understanding
- of the mind
- Book
- Word
- Parsing
did not use
this Strong's Number
σκοτίζω,
make dark, τὸν θεὸν τὸν φωτίζοντα καὶ σκοτίζοντα τὸν κόσμον Tab.Defix.Aud. 242.13 (Carthage, iii A.D. ); get in the light of, ἐνέργειαν Gal. 18(2).698: metaph., λαβὼν δισσὰς ἐσκότισας χάριτας Ἀρχ.Δελτ. 11.57 ( Larissa ), cf. D.H. Th. 33, Them. Or. 11.153a; stupefy, σκορπίους Dsc. Eup. 2.133: — Pass., to be darkened, Plu. 2.1120e; to be blinded, σκοτισθήτωσαν οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ αὐτῶν LXX Psalms 68:24(69).24; τῇ διανοίᾳ Ep.Ephesians 4:18 (v.l.); χολῇ τὰς φρένας Tz. H. 8.929; to be dizzy, Aesop. 247b .
σκοτίζω: passive, perfect participle ἐσκοτισμενος (Ephesians 4:18 R G); 1 aorist ἐσκοτίσθην; 1 future σκοτισθήσομαι; (σκότος); to cover with darkness, to darken; passive, to be covered with darkness, be darkened": properly, of the heavenly bodies, as deprived of light ((Ecclesiastes 12:2)), Matthew 24:29; Mark 13:24; Luke 23:45 (T WH ἐκλείπω (which see 2)); Revelation 8:12; Revelation 9:2 (L T WH σκοτόω, which see); metaphorically, of the eyes, viz. of the understanding, Romans 11:10; ἡ καρδία, the mind (see καρδία, 2 b. β.), Romans 1:21; men τῇ διάνοια, Ephesians 4:18 R G. (Plutarch (adv. Col. 24, 4; Cleomed. 81, 28); Tzetzes, hist. 8, 929; the Sept. several times for חָשַׁך; (Polybius 12, 15, 10; 3Macc. 4:10; Test xii. Patr., test. Rub. § 3; test. Levi § 14).)
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† σκοτίζω
(< σκότος ),
[in LXX for H2821;]
to darken; in NT always pass., -ομαι , to be darkened: of the heavenly bodies, Matthew 24:29, Mark 13:24, Luke 23:45 (Rec., WH, mg.), Revelation 8:12. Metaph., of the mind, Romans 1:21; Romans 11:10 (LXX) (cf. σκοτόω ).†
Copyright © 1922 by G. Abbott-Smith, D.D., D.C.L.. T & T Clarke, London.
στρατεύομαι is common in the general sense ";serve in the army,"; ";am a soldier"; (whether on active service or not). See e.g. P Rev Lxxiv. 6 (B.C. 259–8) τ ̣ῶν στρατευομένων καὶ τοὺ [ς. . . . . . . . .] κλήρους πεφευκότων, P Tebt I. 5.168 (B.C. 118) τοὺς στρατευομένους Ἕλληνας, ";the Greeks serving in the army"; (Edd.), ib. 27.49 (B.C. 113) ἀπό τε τ [ῶ ]ν στρατευομένων καὶ τῶν ἄλλων τῶν τόπους κατ [ο ]ικούντων, ";from those in the army and the other inhabitants of the district"; (Edd.), P Amh II. 32.1 (ii/B.C.) where certain στρατευόμενοι defend themselves against the charge of returning for taxation purposes their κλῆροι at less than their true value, P Lond 1171 verso (c).7 (A.D. 42) (= III. p. 107) where a distinction is drawn between στρατευόμενοι ";regular soldiers"; and μαχαιροφόροι ";armed attendants upon officials"; (see further the editors’ note ad P Tebt I. 35.13), P Hamb I. 31.18 (A.D. 103) ἀπογραφὴν περιέχουσαν ἐστρατεῦσθαι αὐτὸν [ἔ ]τεσι κ ̄ς ̄, and P Oxy XIV. 1666.5 (iii/A.D.) φθάνω δὲ ὑμεῖν πρότερον γεγραφηκὼς περὶ τοῦ μεικροῦ Παυσανίου ὡς εἰς λεγιῶναν στρατευσάμενον, ";I have previously written to you about the little Pausanias becoming a soldier of a legion"; (Edd.).
The idea of active service seems to be implied in such passages as P Par 63.175 (B.C. 164) (= P Petr III. p. 34) where the cattle belonging ἄλλοις τοῖς στρατευομένοις are impressed into the service of the State, P Grenf I. 21.3 (Will—B.C. 126) τὸν μὲν ἵππον ἐφ᾽ οὗ στρατεύομαι, BGU IV. 1097.7 (Claudius/Nero) ἀπῆλθεν εἰς παρεμβολὴν ̣ στρατ ̣ε ̣υ ̣σασ ̣θ ̣αι, cf. .8 ff., P Ryl II. 189.5 (A.D. 128) receipt for cloaks ἰς <σ >τρατιωτικὰς χρεία ̣ς ̤ τῶν ἐν τῇ Ἰου íα ýδαίᾳ στρατευομένων, ";for the needs of the soldiers serving in Judaea"; (Edd.), and P Oxy VIII. 1103.5 (A.D. 360) τῶν νεολέκτων τῶν στρατευθέντων, ";the new levies raised by us for military service"; (Ed.).
For the metaph. usage, as in 2 Corinthians 10:3 al., cf. BGU IV. 1127.28 (B.C. 8) ἐὰν δὲ κατά τι σ ̣τ ̣ρατεύηται ὁ Ἀπολλώνιος ἐν τοῖς κατὰ τὴν παραχώρησιν, where Schubart notes that the meaning must be ";Schwierigkeiten, Umstände machen,"; ";make difficulties, troubles,"; comparing ib. 1131.20 (B.C. 17). This is rather like our phrase, ";He has been in the wars."; Cf. the use of μάχομαι in the sense of ";quarrel"; (Scottice, ";fecht";), e.g. Menander Fragm. p. 86, No. 302.6 γυνή κρατεῖ πάντων, ἐπιτάττει, μάχετ᾽ ἀεί. The use illustrates the large metaphorical application of the term in the NT. Cumont Les Religions Orientales p. xiv ff. (Engl. Tr. pp. xx, 213f.) has collected a number of passages on the ";Salvation Army"; in ancient times. See also Harnack Militia Christi (1905), and Dibelius HZNT ad 1 Timothy 1:18.
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