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Old & New Testament Greek Lexical Dictionary Greek Lexicon
Strong's #2839 - κοινός
- Thayer
- Strong
- Mounce
- common
- common i.e. ordinary, belonging to generality
- by the Jews, unhallowed, profane, Levitically unclean
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- Parsing
did not use
this Strong's Number
κοινός, ή, όν, also ός, όν S. Tr. 207 (lyr.): —
I common (opp. ἴδιος), not in Hom. (v. ξυνός) ; ἐκ κοινοῦ shared in common, Hes. Op. 723; ἔσται γὰρ βίος ἐκ κ. Ar. Ec. 610; of a common altar, Simon. 140; τὸ τέμενος εἶναι κ. SIG 1044.29 (Halic., iv/iii B.C.); κ. ἔρχεται κῦμ' Ἀΐδα Pi. N. 7.30; τρεῖς.. κ. ὄμμ' ἐκτημέναι, of the Gorgons, A. Pr. 795; κ. ὠφέλημα θνητοῖσιν φανείς, of Prometheus, ib. 613; τὰς γυναῖκας εἶναι κοινάς Pl. R. 457d: prov., κοινὸν τύχη A. Fr. 389, cf. Men. Mon. 356; κοινὰ τὰ τῶν φίλων E. Or. 735 (troch.), Pl. Phdr. 279c, Men. 9, etc.; κ. Ἑρμῆς 'share the luck', Id. Epit. 67, 100; κ. ἀρωγά common aid (i.e. for all), S. Ph. 1145 (lyr.); ἐν δὲ κοινὸς ἀρσένων ἴτω κλαγγά and let the shouts of males rise jointly, Id. Tr. 207 (lyr.); κ. πόλεμον πολεμεῖν X. Hier. 2.8; τὸν ἀέρα τὸν κ. Men. 531.8; κ. τὸν ᾅδην ἔσχον οἱ πάντες βροτοί Id. 538.8; κ. ἀγαθὸν τοῦτ' ἐστί, χρηστὸς εὐτυχῶν Id. 791: c. dat., κ. τινί common to or with another, ὑμῖν φῶς.. καὶ τοῖσδ' ἅπασι κ. A. Ag. 523; ὁ δαίμων κ. ἦν ἀμφοῖν ἅμα Id. Th. 812; θάλατταν κ. ἐᾶν τοῖς ἡττημένοις And. 3.19; οἰκία.. κοινοτάτη ἀεὶ τῷ δεομένῳ Id. 1.147; [ πολιτεία] τίς κοινοτάτη; Arist. Pol. 1289b14, cf. 1265b29; κοινόν τι χαρᾷ καὶ λύπῃ δάκρυα X. HG 7.1.32; τὸν ἥλιον τὸν κ. ἡμῖν Men. 611: c. gen., πάντων αἰθὴρ κ. φάος εἱλίσσων A. Pr. 1092 (anap.), cf. Pers. 132 (lyr.), Eu. 109, Pi. N. 1.32; κ. τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων τε καὶ Ἀθηναίων shared in by both.., Pl. Mx. 241c, etc.: with Preps., τὸ ἐπὶ πᾶσι κ., v. infr. v; κ. κατ' ἀμφοτέρων A.D. Synt. 144.19; οὐ γίγνεταί μοί τι κ. πρός τινα AP 11.141 (Lucill.), cf. Iamb. Myst. 5.7; μέρος κ. πρός τινα shared with.., CPR 22.11 (ii A.D.), etc.; κ. μεταξύ τινων Stud.Pal. 1.7 ii 11 (v A.D.).
II
1. in social and political relations, public, general, τὸ κ. ἀγαθόν the common weal, Th. 5.90; κ. λόγῳ Id. 5.37, Hdt. 1.141; κ. στόλῳ ib. 170; ἀδικήματα D. 21.45; ὁ τῆς πόλεως κ. δήμιος Pl. Lg. 872b; κοινότατον of public or general interest, ib. 724b, cf. Arist. Rh. 1354b29; of constitutions, popular, free, κοινοτέραν εἶναι τὴν ἐκείνου μοναρχίαν τῆς αὑτῶν δημοκρατίας Isoc. 10.36.
2. τὸ κ. the state, τὸ κ. Σπαρτιητέων Hdt. 1.67: abs., of one's own state, Ar. Ec. 208, etc.; τὸ κ. ὠφελεῖται Antipho 3.2.3, cf. X. Cyr. 2.2.20; τὰς ὠφελείας ἅπασιν εἰς τὸ κ. ἀπεδίδου Isoc. 10.36. esp. of leagues or federations, τὸ κ. τῶν Ἰώνων Hdt. 5.109; τῶν συμμάχων Isoc. 14.21; τῶν Βοιωτῶν SIG 457.10 (Thespiae, iii B.C.), Plb. 20.6.1 (pl.), etc.; ἄνευ τοῦ πάντων κοινοῦ (sc. τῶν Θεσσαλῶν) Th. 4.78; also, of private associations, Test.Epict. 1.22, SIG 1113 (Loryma), al.; of guilds or corporations, τὸ κ. τῶν τεκτόνων POxy. 53.2 (iv A.D.); of boards of magistrates, τὸ κ. τῶν ἀρχόντων ib. 54.12 (iii A.D.). the government, public authorities, Th. 1.90, 2.12, etc.; τὰ κ. Hdt. 3.156; ἀπαγγεῖλαι ἐπὶ τὰ κ. Th. 5.37; ἀπὸ τοῦ κ. by public authority, Hdt. 5.85, 8.135; σὺν τῷ κ. by common consent, Id. 9.87. the public treasury, χρημάτων μεγάλων ἐν τῷ κ. γενομένων Id. 7.144; ἐν τῷ κ. καὶ ἐν τοῖς ίεροῖς Th. 6.6, cf. 17; χρήματα δοῦναι ἐκ τοῦ κ. Hdt. 9.87; ἔχειν ἐν κοινῷ (without the Art.), Th. 1.80, cf. Sch.adloc. common right or rights of citizens, τὸ κ. τὸ τῶν πολιτῶν Arist. Pol. 1283b41.
3. τὰ κ. public affairs: πρὸς τὰ κ. προσελθεῖν, προσιέναι, to enter public life, D. 18.257, Aeschin. 1.165; but also, the public money, Ar. Pl. 569, D. 8.23 (in full, τὰ κ. χρήματα X. HG 6.5.34, Arist. Pol. 1271b11); τὰ κ. τῆς πόλεως, opp. τὰ ἁγνά, BMus.Inscr. 4.481*.383; ἀπὸ κοινοῦ at the public expense, X. An. 4.7.27, 5.1.12; ἐκ κοινοῦ φαγεῖν Euphro 8.4, cf. Antiph. 230; ἐκ κ. from common funds, at joint expense, PGrenf. 1.21.19 (ii B.C.).
III
1. common, ordinary, τὰ κ. εἰδέναι Pl. Ax. 366b; διὰ τῶν κ. ποιεῖσθαι τὰς πίστεις Arist. Rh. 1355a27; κοινοτάτη τῶν αἰσθήσεων [ἡ ἁφή ] Id. EN 1118b1; τὰ κ. commonplaces, Men. Sam. 27, Epit. 309; so κ. τόπος Hermog. Prog. 6, Aphth. Prog. 7; ἡ κ. ἔννοια or ἐπίνοια, Plb. 2.62.2, 6.5.2; κ. νοῦς, φρένες, common sense, Phld. Rh. 1.37 S., 202 S.; κ. καὶ διήκουσαι κακίαι general and all-pervading vices, Id. Sign. 28; κ. καὶ δημώδη ὀνόματα Longin. 40.2; κ. καὶ ἐν μέσῳ κείμενα ὀνόματα D.H. Lys. 3; ἡ κ. διάλεκτος every-day language (free from archaisms and far-fetched expressions), Id. Isoc. 2; πεφευγὼς τὸ κ. Phld. Acad. Ind. p.53 M.
2. Gramm., ordinary, 'regular' Greek, opp. special dialects, διάλεκτοί εἰσι πέντε, Ἀτθὶς Δωρὶς Αἰολὶς Ἰὰς καὶ κ. Sch. D.T. p.14 H., cf. D.S. 1.16, Theodos. Can. p.37 H., etc.; ἡ κ. alone, A.D. Conj. 223.24; τὸ κ. ἔθος, ἡ κ. ἐκφορά, Id. Adv. 155.10, Pron. 4.27; οἱ κ. the writers who use this language, Sch.D.T. p.469 H., EM 405.23. colloquial, vulgar Greek, Moer. pp.201 (Comp., prob. for καιν -), 243 P., al. ἡ κ. διάλεκτος demotic Egyptian, Manethoap. J. Revelation 1:14.
3. common, of inferior quality, χρυσός POxy. 905.5 (ii A.D.), 1273.6 (iii A.D.).
4. in magical formulae, of words added at will by the user, ' and so forth ', freq.in Pap., PMag.Osl. 1.255, PMag.Par. 1.273, al.; κοινὰ ὅσα θέλεις ib.2.53; ὁ κ. λόγος PMag.Lond. 46.435; cf. κοινολογία.
IV
1. of Persons, connected by common origin or kindred, esp.of brothers and sisters, κ. σπέρμα Pi. O. 7.92, cf. S. OT 261, OC 535 (lyr.); κ. αἷμα Id. Ant. 202, cf. 1; κ. πατήρ, μήτηρ, PAmh. 2.152.9 (v/vi A.D.), PFlor. 47.11 (iii A.D.); also κ. Χάριτες Pi. O. 2.50.
2. one who shares in a thing, partner, ἐν θύμασιν κ. ποεῖσθαί τινα S. OT 240; κ. ἐν κοινοῖσι λυπεῖσθαι Id. Aj. 267, cf. Ar. V. 917; also κ. τῷ θεῷ belonging in part to the god (who claims tithe of his substance), Berl.Sitzb. 1927.161 (Cyrene).
3. lending a ready ear to all, impartial, μὴ οὐ κ. ἀποβῆτε Th. 3.53; neutral, ib. 68; κοινοὺς τῷ τε διώκοντι καὶ τῷ φεύγοντι Lys. 15.1; μέτριος καὶ κ. Arist. Ath. 6.3; κοινοί, οἱ, arbitrators, GDI 1832.10 (Delph.); κ. μεσίτης PStrassb. 41.14 (iii A.D.); of a capital city, δεῖ.. κοινὴν εἶναι τῶν τόπων ἁπάντων easily accessible on all sides, Arist. Pol. 1327a6. courteous, affable, X. Cyn. 13.9; κ. ἅπασι γενέσθαι Isoc. 5.80; τῇ πρὸς πάντας φιλανθρωπίᾳ κ. Democh. 2 J.; ἔχειν τὰς κ. φρένας Phld. Rh. 1.202 S. in bad sense, κοινή, ἡ, prostitute, Vett.Val. 119.30, Porph. Hist.Phil. 12 (pl.). of events, κοινότεραι τύχαι more impartial, i.e. more equal, chances, Th. 5.102; ἔστιν ἐν τῷ κ. πᾶσι c. inf., And. 2.6. in Logic, general, universal, τὸ κ. λαμβάνειν περί τινων, τὸ ἐπὶ πᾶσι κ., Pl. Tht. 185b, 185c; τὰ κ. λεγόμενα ἀξιώματα Arist. APo. 76b14; αἱ κ. ἀρχαί ib. 88a36; κ. ἔννοιαι axioms, heading in Euc.; general, κ. ὅρος Arist. Metaph. 987b6; κοινὰ καὶ στοιχειώδη general principles, Phld. Rh. 1.69S.; κ. σημεῖον, opp. ἴδιον, Id. Sign. 14; κ. κρίσις objectively valid judgement, Id. Po. 5.22; ὄνομα κ. Str. 10.2.10; abstract, ὁ κ. ἄνθρωπος καὶ λογισμῷ ληπτός Dam. Pr. 341.
Gramm.,
1 κ. συλλαβή common syllable, capable of being long or short, D.T. 633.17, Heph. 1.4. κ. ποιήματα, poems which are both κατὰ στίχον and συστηματικά, e.g. the Sapphic stanza, Id. pp.58,59 C.; also, poems of ambiguous metrical form, Id. p.60 C.
2. v.supr. 111.2.
3. of gender, κ. γένος D.T. 634.19; of nouns, A.D. Pron. 30.7, al., EM 143.33, 305.19, etc.
4. ἀπὸ κοινοῦ λαμβάνειν, of two clauses taking a word in common, A.D. Synt. 122.14, al.; κοινὸν or ἐκ κοινοῦ παραλαμβάνεσθαι, ib. 20, 28, al. of forbidden meats, common, profane, φαγεῖν κ. καὶ ἀκάθαρτον Acts 10:14, cf. Romans 14:14; κ. χερσὶ ἐσθίειν Mark 7:2. κοινόν, τό, name of an eye-salve, CIL 13.10021.3, al.
I
1. Adv. κοινῶς in common, jointly, E. Ion 1462; τὰ κοινὰ κ. δεῖ φέρειν συμπτώματα Men. 817: Comp., ἐν Κρήτῃ -οτέρως [ἔχει τὰ τῶν συσσιτίων ] Arist. Pol. 1272a16.
2. publicly, κ. μᾶλλον ὠφέλησαν ἢ ἐκ τῶν ἰδίων ἔβλαψαν Th. 2.42, etc.
3. sociably, like other citizens, οὐδὲ κ. οὐδὲ πολιτικῶς ἐβίωσαν Isoc. 4.151; ἴσως καὶ κ. πρός τινα προσφέρεσθαι Arist. Rh.Al. 1430a1; κ. καὶ φιλικῶς Plu. Ant. 33; μετρίως καὶ κ. ὰσπάζεσθαι Id. Arat. 43.
4. in general, Diph.Siph. ap. Ath. 3.81a; ἡ κ. σύνεσις, τὸ κ. ἄνθρωπον "", Phld. Vit. p.34J., Mort. 38; opp. ἰδίως, Demetr.Lac. Herc. 1014.41, Plu. Mark 8:1-38, cf. Longin. 15.1; κοινότερον εἰπεῖν Phld. Rh. 1.256 S.; - οτέρως Orib. Fr. 93.
5. in the common dialect, A.D. Pron. 82.27, al.: Comp. - ότερον Id. Synt. 159.5.
6. in plain language, opp. σοφιστικῶς, Plu. 2.659f; in the ordinary or wide sense, opp. κυρίως, Them. in Revelation 5:5 : Comp., M.Ant. 2.10.
II
1. fem. dat. κοινῇ; Dor. κοινᾷ SIG 56.11 (Argos, v B.C.); Boeot. κυνῆ ib.635.31 (Acraeph., ii B.C.): — in common, by common consent, Hdt. 1.148, 3.79, S. OT 606, OC 1339, E. Hipp. 731, Th. 1.3, etc.; κ. πᾶσι καὶ χωρίς Arist. Pol. 1278b23, cf. Ath. 40.3; κ. μετά τινος, κ. σύν τινι, Pl. Smp. 209c, SIG 346.27 (iv B.C.), X. Mem. 1.6.14, etc.; ἰδίᾳ τε καὶ κ. Alex. 291: also neut.pl. κοινά S. Ant. 546.
2. publicly, καὶ κ. καὶ ἰδίᾳ X. HG 1.2.10, Mem. 2.1.12, etc.
3. as Pr c. dat., together with, E. Ion 1228, Hel. 829, Fr. 823.
III
1. with Preps., εἰς κοινόν in common, in public, ὑμῖν τῇδέ τ' ἐς κ. φράσω A. Pr. 844; πᾶσιν ἐς κ. λέγω Id. Eu. 408, cf. Ar. Av. 457 (lyr.), Pl. Lg. 796e; εἰς κ. γνώμην ἀποφαίνεσθαι D. 19.156; εἰς τὸ κ. λέγειν, ἀγορεύειν, Pl. Tht. 165a, X. An. 5.6.27; εἰς τὸ κ. for public use, Pl. Lg. 681c.
2. ἀπὸ κοινοῦ, ἐκ κοινοῦ, v. A. 1.1, 11.3, VI.4.
3. ἀφεῖσαν ἐν κοινῷ ζητεῖν, Lat. rem in medio reliquerunt, Arist. Metaph. 987b14; but οἱ ἐν κ. γιγνόμενοι λόγοι, = οἱ ἐξωτερικοὶ λόγοι, Id. de An. 407b29.
4. κατὰ κοινόν, opp. κατ' ἰδίαν, jointly, in common, Lexap. D. 21.94, Plb. 4.3.5; prob. for κατὰ κοινοῦ Id. 11.30.3.
κοινός, κοινῇ, κοινόν (from ξύν, σύν, with; hence especially in epic ξυνός for κοινός, whence the Latincena ((?); see Vanicek, p. 1065));
1. as in Greek writings from Hesiod (Works, 721) down (opposed to ἴδιος) common (i. e. belonging to several, Latincommunis): Acts 2:44; Acts 4:32; κοινῇ πίστις, Titus 1:4; σωτηρία, Jude 1:3.
2. by a usage foreign to classical Greek, common i. e. ordinary, belonging to the generality (Latinvulgaris); by the Jews opposed to ἅγιος, ἡγιασμένος, καθαρός; hence unhallowed, Latinprofanus, levitically unclean (in classical Greek βέβηλος, which see 2): Mark 7:2, 5 (where R L marginal reading ἀνίπτοις); Romans 14:14; Hebrews 10:29; Revelation 21:27 (Rec. κοινοῦν) (1 Macc. 1:47; φαγεῖν κοινά; 1 Macc. 1:62; κοινοῖ ἄνθρωποι, common people,profanum vulgus, Josephus, Antiquities 12, 2, 14; οἱ τόν κοινόν βίον προηρήμενοι, i. e. a life repugnant to the holy law, ibid. 13, 1, 1; οὐ γάρ ὡς κοινόν ἄρτον οὐδέ ὡς κονον πόμα ταῦτα (i. e. the bread and wine of the sacred supper) λαμβάνομεν, Justin Martyr, Apology 1, 66; (οἱ Χριστιανοι) τράπεζαν κοινήν παρατιθενται, ἀλλ' οὐ κοινήν, a table communis but not profanus, Ep. ad Diogn. 5 [ET], on which cf. Otto's note); κοινόν καί (R G ἤ) ἀκάθαρτον, Acts 10:14; κοινόν ἤ ἀκάθαρτον, Acts 10:28; Acts 11:8 (κοινά ἤ ἀκάθαρτα οὐκ ἐσθίομεν, Justin Martyr, dialog contra Trypho,
c. 20). (Cf. Trench, § ci.)
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κοινός , -ή , -όν ,
[in LXX: Proverbs 1:14 (H259) Proverbs 21:9; Proverbs 25:24 (H2267), Wisdom of Solomon 7:3, al.;]
1. common (general; = Lat. communis): Acts 2:44; Acts 4:32; κ . πίστις , Titus 1:4; σωτηρία , Judges 1:3.
2. common (ordinary; = vulgaris); hence in LXX (1 Maccabees 1:47, al.) and NT, unhallowed, unclean (cl., βέβηλος , q.v.): Mark 7:2; Mark 7:5, Acts 10:14; Acts 10:28; Acts 11:8, Romans 14:14, Hebrews 10:29, Revelation 21:27.†
Copyright © 1922 by G. Abbott-Smith, D.D., D.C.L.. T & T Clarke, London.
We may begin by citing a few miscellaneous exx. showing the varied uses of this adj—P Petr I. 21.17 (B.C. 237) αὐλὴ κοινή, P Eleph 1.5 (B.C. 311–0) (= Selections, p. 2) κοινῆι βουλῆι, ";in consultation together,"; BGU IV. 1137.12 (B.C. 6) ἔδοξε κοινῇ γνώμῃ κτλ., P Oxy II. 282.10 (A.D. 30–35) τῆς κοινῆς συμβιώ [σεως, of husband and wife, P Land 932.4 (A.D. 211) (= III. p. 148) ὁ κοινὸς αὐτῶν πατὴρ Ἑρμαῖο [ς, P Tebt II. 319.24 (A.D. 248) κοινὰς τὰς ὑπαρχούσας (ἀρούρας), and BGU IV. 1080.4 (iii/A.D. ?) κατὰ τὰς κοινὰς ἡμῶν εὐχὰς καὶ προσευχὰς. Similarly from the inscrr.—Syll 213.33 (iii/B.C.) διετέλεσεν ὰγωνιζόμενος ὑπὲρ τῆς κοινῆς σωτηρίας, ib. 226.12 (iii/B.C.) τῶν δὲ κοινῶν ἐξηπορημένων, ";the resources being exhausted,"; and ib. 347.8 (B.C. 48) an.Ephesian decree in honour of Julius Caesar—τὸν ἀπὸ Ἄρεως καὶ Ἀφροδε [ί ]της θεὸν ἐπιφανῆ καὶ κοινὸν τοῦ ἀνθρωπίνου βίου σωτῆρα. In Brit. Mus. Inscrr. III. 413.4 (Priene) κοινὴν ἐπο [ιήσαντ ]ο τὴν ἀρχήγ, κ. = ";impartial."; Τὰ κοινά. is frequently used in the sense of ";the customary formula"; in such phrases as μετὰ τὰ κοινά (P Leid Mi. 2—B.C. 135) (= I. p. 59) and τὰ δ᾽ ἄλλα τῶν κοινῶν (P Oxy II. 236 (b).3—B.C. 64 : see note). This last is a common periphrasis to avoid the trouble of writing the long lists of priesthoods at Alexandria which generally occur in protocols of ii/B.C. (see the editors’ note ad l., and for a further list of exx. the note on P Giss I. 36.9). For τὰ πάντα κοινά = ";the world,"; ";the universe,"; cf. P Leid Bii. 18 (B.C. 164) (= I. p. 10). The technical τὸ κοινόν, ";society,"; ";guild,"; may be illustrated by the references to τὸ κοινὸν τῶν τεκτόνων in P Oxy I. 53.2 and τὸ κοινὸν τῶν σιδηροχαλκέων (";ironworkers";) in ib, 84.13, both of A.D. 316 : cf. ib, 54.12 (A.D. 201) γνώμῃ τοῦ κοινοῦ τῶν ἀρχόντων, ";in accordance with the decision of the council of magistrates,"; and P Thead 17.2 (A.D. 332) παρὰ τοῦ κοινοῦ τῶν ἀπὸ κώμης φιλαδελφίας. See also Jouguet Vie municipale, p. 309 f., San Nicolò Aeg. Vereinswesen, i. p. 204 ff. In P Lond 1178.87 (A.D. 194) (= III. p. 218) κοινὰ τῆς Ἀσίας are the great games of Asia. Κοινός, ";profane,"; as in Acts 10:14 al., appears to be a specifically Jewish usage, but as leading up to this meaning Lietzmann (ad Romans 14:14 in HZNT) cites Plutarch Eroticus 4 p. 751b καλὸν γὰρ ἡ φιλία καὶ ἀστεῖον, ἡ δὲ ἡδονὴ κοινὸν καὶ ἀνελεύθερον. For the adv. κοινῶς see P Ryl II. 108.14 (A.D. 110–111) κοινῶς ἐξ ισου, ";jointly in equal shares,"; and for κοινῆι see P Magd 29.2 (B.C. 218) al. Marcus Antoninus (i. 16) coins the expressive compound κοινονοημοσύνη to denote ";public spirit.";
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