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Presume; Presumptuous; Presumptuously

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International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
• Presume; Presumptuous; Presumptuously
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• זִיד

prḗ - zūm ´, prḗ - zump´t̬ū́ - us , prḗ - zump´t̬ū́ - us - 51 : "To presume" ("to take or go beforehand") is to speak or act without warrant or proudly. In the Old Testament the words are for the most part the translation of זוּד , zūdh , and זיד , zı̄dh , "to boil up" (as water), and derivatives; hence, to act proudly, to speak unauthorizedly, etc. ( Deuteronomy 18:20 , Deuteronomy 18:22 , of the prophet; Exodus 21:14; Deuteronomy 1:43; Deuteronomy 17:12 , Deuteronomy 17:13; Psalm 19:13 , "presumptuous sins" (zēdh , "proud"); compare Psalm 86:14; Psalm 119:21 , etc.; Proverbs 21:24 , etc.). Other words are mālē' , "to fill," "to be full" (Esther 7:5 , "presume"); ‛āphal , "to lift oneself up" (Numbers 14:44 ); beyadh rāmāh , "with a high hand" (Numbers 15:30 , the Revised Version (British and American) "with a high hand"); in 2 Peter 2:10 tolmētḗs , "bold," "daring," is translated "presumptuous," the Revised Version (British and American) "daring"; in 2 Macc 3:24; 5:15 we have katatolmáō ; thrasús , is rendered "presumption" in 2 Macc 5:18, the Revised Version (British and American) "daring deed."