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Mizpah; Mizpeh

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miz´pa , miz´pe : This name is pointed both ways in the Hebrew, and is found usually with the article. The meaning seems to be "outlook" or "watchtower." It is natural, therefore, to look for the places so named in high positions commanding wide prospects.

(1) ( המּצפּה , ha - micpāh ( Genesis 31:49; Judges 11:11 , Judges 11:34 ), מצפּה , micpāh (Hosea 5:1 ), גלעד מצפּה , micpēh ghil‛ādh (Judges 11:29 ); Μασσηφά , Massēphá , τὴν σκοπιάν , tḗn skopián , and other forms): It seems probable that the same place is intended in all these passages, and that it is identical with Ramath-mizpeh of Joshua 13:26 . It is the place where Jacob and Laban parted in Mt. Gilead; consequently it lay to the North of Mahanaim. Here was the home of Jephthah, to which he returned after the defeat of the Aremonites, only to realize how his rash vow had brought desolation to his house. It was taken by Judas Maccabeus, who destroyed the inhabitants and burned the city (1 Macc 5:35). Identifications have been suggested with Sūf , Jerash , and Kal‛at er -Rabaḍ ; but these seem all to lie South of any possible site for Mahanaim. A ruined site was discovered by Dr. Schumacher (M und NPDV , 1897, 86), with the name Maṣfā , which is just the Arabic equivalent of the Hebrew Micpāh . It lies some distance to the Northwest of Jerash and claims consideration in any attempt to fix the site of Mizpah.

(2) ( המּצפּה ארץ , 'erec ha - micpāh ( Joshua 11:3 ), מצפּה בּקעת , biḳ‛ath micpeh (verse 8); Μασσευμάν , Masseumán , Μασσηφάθ , Massēpháth , and other forms): The "land of Mizpah" and the "valley of Mizpah" may be taken as applying to the same district. It lay on the southwest slopes of Hermon Northeast of the Waters of Merom. The site must be looked for on one of the heights in the region indicated, from which a wide view is obtained. Muṭallah , a Druze village standing on a hill to the North of ‛Abil , and East of Nahr el -Ḥasbāny , was suggested by Robinson. The present writer agrees with Buhl (GAP, 240) that the ancient castle above Banias , Kal‛at eṣ -Subeibeh , occupies a more likely position.

(3) ( מצפּה , micpeh ; Μασφά , Masphá ): A town in the Shephelah of Judah named with Dilan, Joktheel and Lachish ( Tell el - Hesy ). Eusebius, Onomasticon mentions a Maṣfa in the neighborhood of Eleutheropolis, to the North. The identification proposed by Van de Velde and Guerin would suit this description. They would locate Mizeph at Tell eṣ - Ṣāfiyeh , about 7 1/2 miles Northwest of Beit Jibrı̂n , "a conspicuous hill with a glittering white cliff rising like an isolated block above the adjacent country" ( PEFS , 1903,276). Many identify this site with Gath, but the name and character of the place point rather to identification with Mizpeh, the Blanche Guarde or Alba Specula of the Middle Ages.

(4) ( המּצפּה , ha - micpāh ; Μασσημά , Massēmá , Μασφά , Masphá ): A town in the territory of Benjamin ( Joshua 18:26 ). Hither came the men of Israel to deal with the Benjamites after the outrage on the Levite's concubine (Judges 20:1 , Judges 20:3; Judges 21:1 , Judges 21:5 , Judges 21:8 ). At Mizpah, Samuel gathered his countrymen. While there crying to God in their distress, they were attacked by the Philistines, whom they defeated with great slaughter (1 Samuel 7:5 , etc.). Here also Saul, the son of Kish, was chosen king, after which Samuel told the people the "manner of the kingdom" (Matthew 10:17 , etc.). Mizpah was fortified by Asa, king of Judah, with materials which Baasha, king of Israel, had used to fortify Ramah (1 Kings 15:22; 2 Chronicles 16:6 ). When Nebuchadnezzar captured Jerusalem and made Gedaliah, the son of Ahikam, governor of the remnant of the people left in the land of Judah, the governor's residence was fixed at Mizpah (2 Kings 25:23 ). Here he was joined by Jeremiah, whom Nebuzaradan, captain of the Babylonian guard, had set free. At Mizpah, Ishmael, son of Nathaiah, treacherously slew Gedaliah and many who were with him. Two days later he murdered a company of pilgrims, throwing their dead bodies into the great cistern which Asa had made when strengthening the place against possible attack by Baasha of Samaria. He then made prisoners of the people, including the king's daughters, and attempted to convey them away to the Ammonites, an attempt that was frustrated by Johanan, son of Kareah (Jer 40; 41). Mizpah was the scene of memorable assembly in a day of sore anxiety for Judah, when Judas Maccabeus called the warriors of Judah together for counsel and prayer (1 Macc 3:46). From this passage we also learn that the place was an ancient sanctuary - "for in Mizpah there was a place of prayer aforetime for Israel."

It has been proposed to identify Mizpah with Tell Nasbeh , a site on the watershed South of Bı̄reh . The Abbe Raboisson established the fact that Jerusalem can be seen from this point. In this respect it agrees with Maundeville's description. "It is a very fair and delicious place, and it is called Mt. Joy because it gives joy to pilgrims' hearts, for from that place men first see Jerusalem." But Jeremiah 41:10 may be taken as decisive against this identification. Ishmael departed to go east. From Tell Nasbeh this would never have brought him to the great waters that are in Gibeon (PEFS , 1898, 169, 251; 1903, 267). A more probable identification is with Neby Samwı̄l , a village on high ground 4 1/2 miles Northwest of Jerusalem, the traditional burying-place of Samuel. It is 2, 935 ft. above sea-level, and 500 ft. higher than the surrounding land. Here the pilgrims coming up by way of Beth-heron from Jaffa, the ancient route, first saw the Holy City. The mosque of the village was formerly a church, dating from Crusading times; and here the tomb of Samuel is shown. If this is the ancient Mizpah, a very slight detour to the North would bring Ishmael to the great waters that are in Gibeon, el -Jı̄b (Gibeon) being only a mile and a quarter distant.

(5) ( מואב מצפּה , micpēh mō'ābh "Mizpeh of Moab"; Μασηφά , Masēphá ): A town in Moab to which David took his parents for safety during Saul's pursuit of him ( 1 Samuel 22:3 ). It is possibly to be identified with Kir-moab, the modern Kerak, whither David would naturally go to interview the king. But there is no certainty. Possibly we should read "Mizpah" instead of "the hold" in 1 Samuel 22:5 .

(6) In 2 Chronicles 20:24 , probably we should read "Mizpah" instead of "watch-tower": ha -micpeh la -midhbār would then point to a Mizpeh of the Wilderness to be sought in the district of Tekoa (2 Chronicles 20:20 ).