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Sunday, December 22nd, 2024
the Fourth Week of Advent
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Leg
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
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(1) שׁוק , shōḳ , Aramaic שׁק , shoḳ ; (2) כּרע , kāra‛ , dual כּרעים , kerā‛ayim ; (3) רגל , reghel ; σκέλος , skélos ; the King James Version translates also שׂבל , shōbhel , and צעדה , ce‛ādhāh , with "leg," but mistakenly): (1) The first Hebrew word ( shōḳ ) denotes the upper leg, and is therefore synonymous with THIGH (which see). It expresses metaphorically the muscular strength, and the pride of the runner. "He taketh no pleasure in the legs of a man" (Psalm 147:10 ). "His legs are as pillars of marble, set upon sockets of fine gold" (Song of Solomon 5:15 ). If the legs have lost their strength as in the lame or the Beri-beri patient, they become a metaphor for anything useless, inefficient or disappointing: "The legs of the lame hang loose; so is a parable in the mouth of fools" (Proverbs 26:7 ). The Aramaic form is found in the description of the image of Nebuchadnezzar, "its legs of iron" (Daniel 2:33 ). (2) Kāra‛ , dual kerā‛ayim , the "leg," "respecting the legs," mentioned as a portion of the paschal lamb (Exodus 12:9 ), or, usually, in connection with the head and the inwards, as a sacrificial portion (Exodus 29:17; Leviticus 1:9 , Leviticus 1:13; Amos 3:12 ). The word designates also the legs of leaping insects of the orthopterous family, locusts, etc., which were permitted as food to the Israelites (Leviticus 11:21 ). (3) Reghel , literally, "foot" (which see), found in this sense only once: "He (Goliath) had greaves of brass upon his legs" (1 Samuel 17:6 ).
Two passages of wrong translation in the King James Version have been corrected by the Revised Version (British and American). The virgin daughter of Babylon is addressed: "Make bare the leg, uncover the thigh" (Isaiah 47:2 ), the Revised Version (British and American) renders: "Strip off the train (shōbhel ), uncover the leg," the idea being that the gentle maid, who has been brought up in affluence and luxury, will have to don the attire of a slave girl and do menial work, for which her former garments are unsuited. The other passage is in Isaiah 3:20 , where the King James Version reads: "the bonnets, and the ornaments of the legs," the Revised Version (British and American) corrects: "the headtires (ce‛ādhāh ), and the ankle chains."
In the New Testament the word "leg" is found only in connection with the breaking of the legs of the persons crucified with the Saviour (John 19:31 , John 19:32 , John 19:33 ). We know from Roman and Greek authors that this was done as a coup de grace to shorten the miseries of criminals condemned to die on the cross. The practice bore the technical name of σκελοκοπία , skelokopı́a , Latin crurifragium . The verb σκελοποεῖν , skelokopeı́n ("to break the legs"), is found in the apocryphal Gospel of Peter (1 Peter 4:14 ), where it is distinctly stated that the legs of Jesus were not broken, that His sufferings on the cross might be extended, while the two malefactors crucified with Him were mercifully dispatched in this way. The crurifragium consisted of some strokes with a heavy club or mallet, which always materially hastened the death of the sufferer, and often caused it almost immediately.
Edersheim, in LTJM , II, 613, suggests that the breaking of legs was an additional punishment, and that it was always followed by a coup de grace , the perforatio or percussio sub alas , a stroke with sword or lance into the side. This, however, is not borne out by any classical information which is known to me, and is contradicted by the statement of the evangelist that Jesus received the percussio, while the malefactors endured the crurifragium . Compare on this subject, especially for parallels from classical authors, Sepp, Das Leben Jesu , VII, 441, and Keim, Jesus von Nazara (English translation), VI, 253, note 3.
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Bibliography Information
Orr, James, M.A., D.D. General Editor. Entry for 'Leg'. International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. https://www.studylight.org/encyclopedias/eng/isb/l/leg.html. 1915.
