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Thursday, November 21st, 2024
the Week of Proper 28 / Ordinary 33
Bible Encyclopedias
Camel
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
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kam´el ( גּמל , gāmāl ; κάμηλος , kámēlos ; בּכר , bekher , and בּכרה , bikhrāh (Isaiah 60:6; Jeremiah 2:23 "dromedary," the American Revised Version, margin "young camel"), רכשׁ , rekhesh (1 Kings 4:28; see HORSE ), כּרכּרות , kirkārōth (Isaiah 66:20 , "swift beasts," the American Standard Revised ersion. "dromedaries"); בּני הרמּכים , benē hā -rammākhı̄m (Esther 8:10 , "young dromedaries," the American Standard Revised Version "bred of the stud"); אחשׁתּרנים , 'ăḥashterānı̄m (Esther 8:10 , Esther 8:14 , the King James Version "camels," the American Standard Revised Version "that were used in the king's service")): There are two species of camel, the Arabian or one-humped camel or dromedary, Camelus dromedarius , and the Bactrian or two-humped camel, Camelus bactrianus . The latter inhabits the temperate and cold parts of central Asia and is not likely to have been known to Biblical writers. The Arabian camel inhabits southwestern Asia and northern Africa and has recently been introduced into parts of America and Australia. Its hoofs are not typical of ungulates but are rather like great claws. The toes are not completely separated and the main part of the foot which is applied to the ground is a large pad which underlies the proximal joints of the digits. It may be that this incomplete separation of the two toes is a sufficient explanation of the words "parteth not the hoof," in Leviticus 11:4 and Deuteronomy 14:7 . Otherwise these words present a difficulty, because the hoofs are completely separated though the toes are not. The camel is a ruminant and chews the cud like a sheep or ox, but the stomach possesses only three compartments instead of four, as in other ruminants. The first two compartments contain in their walls small pouches, each of which can be closed by a sphincter muscle. The fluid retained in these pouches may account in part for the power of the camel to go for a relatively long time without drinking.
The Arabian camel is often compared with justice to the reindeer of the Esquimaux. It furnishes hair for spinning and weaving, milk, flesh and leather, as well as being an invaluable means of transportation in the arid desert. There are many Arabic names for the camel, the commonest of which is jamal (in Egypt gamal ), the root being common to Arabic, Hebrew and other Semitic languages. From it the names in Latin, Greek, English and various European languages are derived. There are various breeds of camels, as there are of horses. The riding camels or dromedaries, commonly called hajı̄n , can go, even at a walk, much faster than the pack camels. The males are mostly used for carrying burdens, the females being kept with the herds. Camels are used to a surprising extent on the rough roads of the mountains, and one finds in the possession of fellāḥı̄n in the mountains and on the littoral plain larger and stronger pack camels than are often found among the Bedouin. Camels were apparently not much used by the Israelites after the time of the patriarchs. They were taken as spoil of war from the Amalekites and other tribes, but nearly the only reference to their use by the later Israelites was when David was made king over all Israel at Hebron, when camels are mentioned among the animals used for bringing food for the celebration (1 Chronicles 12:40 ). David had a herd of camels, but the herdsman was Obil, an Ishmaelite (1 Chronicles 27:30 ). Nearly all the other Biblical references to camels are to those possessed by Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, Ishmaelites, Amalekites, Midianites, Hagrites and the "children of the East" (see EAST ). Two references to camels (Genesis 12:16; Exodus 9:3 ) are regarded as puzzling because the testimony of the Egyptian monuments is said to be against the presence of camels in ancient Egypt. For this reason, Gen 12 through 16, in connection with Abram's visit to Egypt, is turned to account by Canon Cheyne to substantiate his theory that the Israelites were not in Egypt but in a north Arabian land of Muṣri (Encyclopaedia Biblica under the word "Camel," 4). While the flesh of the camel was forbidden to the Israelites, it is freely eaten by the Arabs.
There are three references to the camel in New Testament: (1) to John's raiment of camel's hair (Matthew 3:4; Mark 1:6 ); (2) The words of Jesus that "it is easier for a camel to go through a needle's eye, than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God" (Matthew 19:24; Mark 10:25; Luke 18:25 ); (3) The proverb applied to the Pharisees as blind guides, "that strain out the gnat, and swallow the camel" (Matthew 23:24 ). Some manuscripts read ho kámilos , "a cable," in Matthew 19:24 and Luke 18:25 .
There are a few unusual words which have been translated "camel" in text or margin of one or the other version. (See list of words at beginning of the article) Bekher and bikhrāh clearly mean a young animal, and the Arabic root word and derivatives are used similarly to the Hebrew. Rākhash , the root of rekhesh , is compared with the Arabic rakaḍ , "to run," and, in the Revised Version (British and American), rekhesh is translated "swift steeds." Kirkārōth , rammākhı̄m and 'ăḥashterānı̄m must be admitted to be of doubtful etymology and uncertain meaning.
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Bibliography Information
Orr, James, M.A., D.D. General Editor. Entry for 'Camel'. International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. https://www.studylight.org/encyclopedias/eng/isb/c/camel.html. 1915.
