The official title, since the ist of January 1801, of the political unity composed of England and Wales, Scotland and Ireland. "Great Britain" was employed as a formal designation from the time of the union of the kingdoms of England and Scotland in 1707. Although the name (which apparently had its origin in Britannia Major, the name given to the island to distinguish it from Britannia Minor or Brittany) had, in earlier times, been often used both by English and by foreign writers, especially for rhetorical and poetical purposes, it was not till after the accession of James I. that it became a recognized part of the royal style. Its adoption was due to the king himself, who was anxious to give expression to the fact that he was sovereign of the undivided island, and not only of England or Scotland. As early as 1559 the Scottish congregation had formally proposed 1 See also Britain; British Empire; England; Ireland; Scotland; Wales; &C.
| Year. | Revenue. | Expenditure. | Proportion of per head. per head. | | | | s. d. | 1861 | 70,283,674 | 72,792,059 | 2 8 io | 1871 | 69,945,220 | 69,548,539 | 2 4 5 | 1881 | 81,872,354 | 80,938,990 | 2 7 I | 1891 | 89,489,112 | 87,732,855 | 2 6 2 | 1901 | 130,384,684 | 183,592,264 | 3 2 10 | 1902 | 142,997,999 | 195,522,213 | 3 12 II | 1903 | 151, 551, 698 | 184,483, 708 . | 3 I I 6 | 1904 | 141,545,597 | 146,961,136 | 3 6 2 | 1905 | 143,370,404 | 141,956,497 | 3 6 4 | 1906 | 143,977,575 | 140,51 1 ,955 | 3 5 I I | 1907 | 156,537,690 | 151,812,094 | 3 6 5 | 1908 | 151,578,295 | 152,292,395 | 3 5 0 | 1909 | 131,696,456 | 157,944,611 | 2 18 5 2 See Peerage. 3 See Representation and Parliament. In separate articles throughout this Encyclopaedia the main subjects of interest in connexion with British institutions are fully dealt with; and it is only necessary here to give such details as are needed to supplement those given under the subjectheading. See Agriculture; Navy (also Ship and Ship-BUILDING); Education; English Finance; English History; Civil Ser Vice; National Debt; Police; Poor Law; &C. A separate section, however, is devoted to the army, the constitution of which in 1910 is described; the history is given under Army. National Debt (q.v.).-The table on the preceding page shows the position of the national debt at quinquennial intervals during 1891-1910. | | Area A sq. m. | Population. | 1891. | 1901. | England and Wales. . | 58,324 | 29,002,525 | 32,527,843 | Scotland | 29,796 | 4, 02 5, 6 47 | 4,472,103 | Ireland | 32,531 | 4,704,750 | 4,458,775 | Islands in the British seas . | 302 | 147,842 | 150,370 | Year. | England and Wales. | Scotland. | Ireland. | United Kingdom. | | (a) | (b) | (a) | (b) | (a) | (b) | (a) | (b) | 1896 | 2 4 2 ,7 6 4 | 1 5 . 7 | 30,270 | 14-2 | 23,055 | 10-2 | 296,089 | 15.0 | 1901 | 259,400 | 15 -9 | 31,387 | 14.0 | 22,564 | 10'2 | 3 1 3,35 1 | 15 1 | 1906 | 26 9,734 | 1 5' 6 | 33, 12 3 | 14.0 | 22 ,557 | 10 '3 | 3 2 5,4 1 4 | 14'9 | 1909 | 260,2J9 | 14.6 | 30,092 | 12 . 3 | 22,769 | 10'4 | 313,120 | 13.9 | Year. | English and Welsh. | Scottish. | Irish. | Total. | 1895 | 112,538 | 18,294 | 54,349 | 185,181 | 1898 | 90,679 | 15,570 | 34,395 | 140,644 | 1900 | 102,448 | 20,472 | 45,905 | 168,825 | 1904 | 175,733 | 37,445 | 58,285 | 271,435 | 1905 | 170,408 | 41,510 | 50,159 | 262,077 | 1906 | 219,765 | 53,162 | 52,210 | 325,137 Area and Population.-The United Kingdom has an area of 120,651 sq. m., and at the census of 1891 had a population of 37,732,922 and in 1901 of 41,458,721. If the islands in British seas are included, the area is increased to 120,953 sq. m., and the population to 41,609,091. The main divisions are as follows: Vital Statistics.-The following table institutes a comparison between the birth-rates per thousand of the population in the United Kingdom and certain other countries, at intervals (so far as possible) of five years, adding the figures for other years in specific years when there was a marked fluctuation: The number of marriages (a) and the proportion of persons married per thousand of the population ( b ) are thus shown: Emigration.-The following table shows the number of passengers, distinguishing English and Welsh, Scottish and Irish, who left the United Kingdom for extra-European countries in 1895, 1900 and 1905, and the total for 1909, and in certain other years in which the numbers show marked fluctuations: In 1909 the total number to British dominions was 163,594 and the total number to other extra-European countries was 125,167. | | | 1881. | | | 1886. | | | 1891. | | 1896. | 1901. | 1905, | 1906. | Russia in Europe Hungary Austria Germany Japan. .. ... . Holland Denmark . Switzerland UNITED KINGDOM ... . | 47.8 42'9 37.5 37.0 25.6 35.o 32.2 29.8 32.5 | (1882, (1882, | 5 0.4) 38.9) | 4 6.5 45.6 38.1 37.0 27.3 34.6 32.4 27.8 31.5 | (1889, (1890, | 3 0.2) 29.2) | 48.8 42'3 38.3 37.0 26.7 . 33'7 31.0 28.2 30.4 | (1892, | 29.6) | 49'7 40.5 38.0 36'3 30.0 32.7 30.5 28.1 29.0 | 47'9 37.8 36'6 35.7 32.7 32'3 29.7 29.1 28 o | - - 33'7 33.0 30.6 - - 27.4 - | - 36.0 - - - 30.4 28.5 26.8 | England Scotland Ireland | 33'9 33'7 24.5 | | | 32.8 32'9 23.2 | (1890, (1890, (1890, | 30.2) 30.4) 22.3) | 31.4 31.2 23 I | (18 94, (1892, | 2 9.9) 22.5) | 29.6 3 0 4 23.7 | 28.5 29'5 22'7 | - - - | 27.1 27.9 23.6 | Norway Sweden Belgium . France | 30.6 29.1 31 8 24.9 | | | 31.2 29.8 29.9 23'9 | | | 30.9 28.3 30.0 22.6 | | | 30.2 27.2 29.0 22.5 | 29.6 27.0 29.4 22.0 | - - - - | 26.5 25.7 25.7 20.6 Occupations.-The following table shows the occupations of the people (excluding children under ten years of age) as The number of births in the United Kingdom in 1909 was 1,146,118, giving a rate per thousand of 25 5. * Not including Finland. | | 1881. | 1886. | 1891. | 1896. | 1901. | | 1905, 1906. | Denmark.. . | 18.3 | 18.1 | 20.0 | 15.7 | 15.8 | - 13.5 | Norway. . | 17.0 | 16.2 | 17.5 | 15.1 | 14.9 | - 13.7 | Sweden.. . | 17.7 | 16.6 | 16.8 | 15.6 | 16. 1 | - 14.4 | Holland.. . | 21.5 | 21.8 | 20.7 | 17'2 | 17.2 | - 14.8 | UNITED KINGDOM. | 18.7 | 19.2 | 20.0 | 16.9 | 17. 1 | - 15.6 | England.. . | 18.9 | 19.5 | 20.2 | 17.1 | 16.9 | - 15'4 | Scotland.. . | 19.3 | 18.9 | 20.7 | 16.6 | 17.9 | - 16.0 | Ireland.. . | 17.5 | 17.8 | 18.4 | 16.7 | 17.8 | - 17.0 | Belgium. . | 21 2 | 21.3 | 21.2 | 17.5 | 17.2 | - 16.4 | Switzerland. . | 22.4 | 20.7 | 20 6 | 17.8 | 18 o | 17.9 - | Germany.. . | 25.5 | 26.2 | 23.4 | 20 8 | 20.7 | 19.8 - | France. .. . | 22.0 | 22.5 | 22.9 | 20.0 | 20. 1 | - 19.9 | Japan. .. . | 18.7 | 24.4 | 21.0 | 21.4 | 20.4 | 22.0 - | Hungary. . | 34'4 | 3 1.7 | 33.1 | 28.9 | 25-4 | - 24'8 | Austria.. . | 30.5 | 29'5 | 28 I | 26.3 | 24.0 | 25.0 - | Russia in Europe*. | 33.2 | 31.2 | 34'6 | 32.8 | 32 1 | - - The death-rate is similarly treated: * Not including Finland. The deaths in the United Kingdom in 1909 numbered 667,765, the rate per thousand being 14.8. | | England and Wales. | Scotland. | Ireland. | Professional . | 804,427 | 101,061 | 131,035 | Domestic . | 1,994,197 | 201,230 | 219,418 | Commercial . | 1,858,454 | 245,715 | 97,889 | Agricultural | 1,152,495 | 237,311 | 876,062 | Industrial. . | 7,534,994 | 1,197,495 | 639,413 | Percentage to total area | Great Britain. | Ireland. | of area- | 1890. | 1909. | 1890. | 1909. | Cultivated | 57.7 | 56.6 | 73.1 | 70.3 | Under grain crops. . | 14 I | 12.4 | 7'3 | 6 i | Under green crops.. . | 5'8 | 5.4 | 5'8 | 5'0 | Under grasses and other crops . | 8.5 | 7'9 | 5'9 | 11-2 | In permanent pasture.. . | 28.2 | 3 0.2 | 53.4 | 43'1 | Description of Minerals. | 1900. | 1909. | Value, 1909. | | Tons. | Tons. | | Coal. .. .. . | 225,181,300 | 263,774,312 | 106,274,900 | Iron ore. .. . | 14,025,208 | 1 4,979,979 | 3,689,777 | Clay and shale.. . | 14,049,694 | 14,067,810 | 1,718,056 | Sandstone. .. . | 5,019,874 | 4,600,084 | 1,339,106 | Slate. | 585,859 | 402,184 | 1,007,013 | Limestone (not chalk) . | 11 ,9 0 5,477 | 11,811,122 | 1,226,967 | Igneous rocks. . | 4,634,301 | 6,283,297 | 1,235,046 | Oil shale... . | 2,282,221 | 2,967,057 | 815,937 | Tin ore (dressed) | 6,800 | 8,289 | 617,376 | Salt | 1,861,347 | 1,822,744 | 548,896 distinguished in five great orders, according to the census of 1901: Agriculture.-The following table illustrates broadly the difference in the position of agriculture in Great Britain and in Ireland: Minerals and Mining.-The mineral production of the United Kingdom reached a total value in 1890 of £100,802,657 and in 1909 of £119,394,486, with a maximum during that period of £160,605,154 in 1900 and a minimum of £ 73,024,066 in 1893. These figures include pig-iron produced from foreign ores. About 73% represents the value of the coal output. The figures for the more important minerals are as follows: Gold ore, manganese ore and uranium ore are produced in small quantities, and the list of minerals worked in the United Kingdom also includes chalk, lead, alum, phosphate of lime, chert and flint, gravel and sand, zinc ore, gypsum, arsenic, copper, barytes, wolfram and strontium sulphate. | Description of Metal. | 1900. | 1909. | - Quantity. | Quantity. | Value (average market price). | Iron.. . | 4,666,942 tons | 4,802,163 tons | 15,559,253 | Tin. . | 4,268 „ | 5,199 ,, | 695,546 | Lead. .. . | 24,364 ,, | 22,463 ,, | 298,945 | Zinc.. . | 9,066 „ | 3,818 „ | 87,146 | Copper.. . | 765 ,, | 435 ,, | 27,162 | Gold.. . | 14,004 oZ. | 1,210' OZ. | 4,400 | Silver.. . | 190,850 „ | 142,146 „ | 14,030 Metals were obtained from the ores as follows: The total number of persons employed in and about all the mines of the United Kingdom in 1901 was 839,178, and in 1909 I,126,372. | | Coal Mines, &c. | Metalliferous Mines (a). | Quarries (b). | England. . | 606,206 | 19,561 | 60,725 | Wales. . | 137,124 | 7,333 | 17,277 | Scotland . | 114,294 | 974 | 12,187 | Ireland. . | 749 | 733 | 4,464 The workers were thus distributed between the three kingdoms and the principality in 1905: The total figures given above include (a) 550 and (b ) 166 workers in the Isle of Man; and the figures quoted for production include that of the isle. | | 1900. | 1909. | England. | Tons. | Tons. | Cumberland | 2,022327 | 2,309,370 | Derby | 15,243,031 | 16,869,347 | Durham | 34,800,719 | 41,240,612 | Gloucester | 1,578,386 | 1,486,526 | Lancashire | 24,842,208 | 23,705,387 | Leicester | 2,106,343 | 2,661,606 | Monmouth | 9,818,829 | 13,204,357 | Northumberland | 11,514,521 | 14,013,135 | Nottingham | 8,626,177 | 11,106,702 | Somerset | 1,046, 792 | 1,140,818 | Stafford | 14,222,743 | 13,517,101 | Warwick. .. ... . | 2,957,490 | 4,447,978 | York `Vales.. . | 28,247,249 | 35,896,623 | Carmarthen | 1,333,880 | 1,950,429 | Denbigh. .. ... . | 2,447,092 | 2,556,612 | Glamorgan | 27,686,758 | 34,461,631 The production of coal in Great Britain, though marked by, fluctuation, has, on the whole, largely increased, and in 1901 the output was 42% greater than that of 1881. The maximum quantity extracted in any one year between 1890 and 1910 was 267,830,962 tons in 1907, and the minimum 164,325,795 in 1893. The maximum estimated value, however, was £121,6 52,596 for the 225,181,300 tons raised in 1900; the value in 1907 being £120,527,378. In the chief coal-producing counties of England and Wales the quantity raised in 1900 and in 1909 will be found in the table at the foot of preceding column. Thus it appears that of the coal raised in England the county of Durham contributes about 22%, Yorkshire 17%, Lancashire 16%, Stafford and Derbyshire each about 9%, and Northumberland 7%; while of the coal raised in Wales 85% is contributed by the county of Glamorgan; and that the coal production of England and Wales together constitutes, in quantity and value, 85% of the whole production of the United Kingdom. | Year. | Tons. | Year. | Tons. | 1890 | 30,442,839 | 1900 | 46,098,228 | 18 93 | 29,031,955 | 1905 | 49,359,272 | 1895 | 33, 1 0 1 ,45 2 | 1909 | 65,694,267 The export of coal greatly increased on the whole during the period 1890-1909. The following table shows this; the figures for 1893 are given as the lowest during the period. The tonnage of coke and patent fuel is included in the totals: The chief receiving countries are, in order, Germany, France, Italy, Sweden, Spain, Russian Empire, Denmark, Egypt, Holland, Argentina, Norway and Brazil. The annual output of iron ore in the United Kingdom has on the whole decreased since 1882. In that year it reached a maximum of 18,031,957 tons; it then fell off to 13,098,341 tons in 1887, rose in the two years following to nearly 15,000,000, fell to little over 11,000,000 in 1892-1893, rose fairly steadily to 14,461,330 in 1899, stood in 1900 at 14,028,208 tons of a value of £4224,400, and then showed a further fall and rise, until in 1905 the tonnage was 14,590,703, and the value £ 3,482,184. | | 1900. | 1909. | | Tons. | Tons. | England. ... . | 13,072,118 | 14,176,658 | Cumberland 1. ... | 1,103,430 | 1,246,228 | Lancashire 1. .. ... | 630,361 | 312,367 | Leicester | 750,708 | 514,896 | Lincoln. .. .. . | 1,924,898 | 2,037,363 | Northampton | 1,622,539 | 2,875,659 | Stafford 2 | 1,084,797 | 902,565 | York. .. .. . | 5,550,677 | 6,234,589 | Wales | 7,418 | 38,043 | Scotland 2. .. .. | 849,031 | 697,276 | Ireland. .. ... . | 99,641 | 68,002 The iron ore raised in the various countries, and in the most productive counties, is here shown: The number of furnaces in blast (fractions showing the proportion of the year furnaces were in blast) was: in England 298162, Wales 19,; Scotland 852, total 403 i '. The total number of existing furnaces in 1900 was: in England 456, Wales 42, Scotland 106; total 604; so that 33% of the number stood unused. In 1905 furnaces in blast numbered: England 244, Wales 13, Scotland 87A z; total 345A z; and those existing: in England 412, Wales 31, Scotland tor; total 544; and the percentage unused was thus 36. In 1888 the imports of iron ore amounted to 3,562,071 tons, in 1898 to 5,468,396 tons, in 1899 to 7,054,578 tons, in 1900 to 6,297,953 tons, in 1901 to 5,548,888 tons and in 1909 to 6,361,571 tons, of which the bulk was imported from Spain. The amount of pig-iron obtained found its minimum, during the period 1890-1910, of 6,976,990 tons in 1893, and its maximum of 10,183,860 in 1906, and in 1905 the quantity produced from foreign ores (4,847,899 tons) for the first time exceeded that produced from British ores (4,760,187). The quantity of lead ore produced within the United Kingdom has decreased. It is now less than one-half of the output of about 1877, and the value has decreased more than proportionately. In the period1890-1908the maxi- Lead. mum annual production of metallic lead from British ore was 33,590 tons in 1890, valued at £449,8 2 6; the production fluctuated somewhat, but generally fell, to the minimum of 17,704 tons in 1902 (value £198,875). The most productive counties are Flint, Durham and Derby; the ore obtained in the Isle of Man is increased in value by the silver it contains. These counties supply the richest ore in the United Kingdom. In these cases the greater proportion of ore is from mines also producing coal. The annual output of tin ore, which in 1878 amounted to 1 5, 0 45 tons, valued at £530,737, fell to 12,898 tons in 1881, though the value in that year rose to £697,444. During the years1882-1892the average output was over 14,000 tons, and its average value about £770,000, but in 1893 a decline began in the output (not however accompanied closely by a decline in the value), slightly relieved about 1905. | Year. | Tin Ore. | Value. | | Tons. | | 1893 | 13,689 | 637,053 | 1900 | 6,800 | 523,604 | 1905 | 7,201 | 574,183 | 1909 | 5,193 | 617,376 Tin ore is obtained almost exclusively in Cornwall. Like others of the less important mining industries, copper mining in the United Kingdom has declined. In 1881 the. output of ore amounted to 52,556 tons, in 1891 to 9158 tons, in 18 93 to 557 6 tons, in 1905 to 7153 tons, valued at £32,696 and yielding 716 tons of metal by smelting. The total tonnage of ore included 5757 tons from England (chiefly from Cornwall) and 1146 from Ireland (Wicklow, &c.). Copper precipitate is taken from water pumped up from old copper mines on Parys Mountain in Anglesey. Zinc ore is obtained chiefly from mines in Cumberland, Wales and the Isle of Man. In 1881 the output reached 35,527 tons, valued at £110,043; in 1891 the output was only Zinc. 22,216 tons, but its value was £113,445. In 1897 the quantity was 19,278 tons, and the value £69,134; but in 1898 the price had risen so that the output of 23,552 tons was worth £117,784. In 1900 the output of 24,675 tons was worth £97,606; and in 1905 that of 23,909 tons was worth £139,806. During the period1890-1905gold mines were worked continuously in Merionethshire. Notices of the discovery of gold elsewhere (as in the Forest of Dean, Argyllshire and Ireland) have appeared from time to time. | Year. | Ore. | Gold. | Value. | | Tons. | Oz. | | 18 9 0 | 575 | 206 | 675 | 1891 | 14,117 | 4,008 | 13,700 | 18 93 | 4,489 | 2,309 | 8,691 | 1895 | 13,266 | 6,600 | 18,520 | 18 9 8 | 703 | 395 | 1,229 | 1900 | 20,802 | 14,004 | 52,147 | 1902 | 29,953 | 4,181 | 14,570 | 1904 | 23,203 | 19,655 | 73,925 | 1905 | 15,981 | 5,797 | 21,222 | 1908 | - | 915 | 3,311 The principal fluctuations in production were as follows: It should be noted also that from imported cupreous iron pyrites, copper, gold and silver are extracted at some fifteen metal extraction works in Great Britain. From 386,858 tons of burnt ore in 1900 there were obtained 13,925 tons of copper, 1 777 oz. of gold and 3 0 9,4 86 oz. of silver; and in 1905 the figures were: ore, 402,863 tons; copper, 14,502 tons; gold, 1850 oz.; silver, 322,291 oz. | Year. | Imported. | Exported. | Retained. | | lb | lb | lb | 1890 | 1,793,495,200 | 214,641,840 | 1,578,853,360 | 1893 | 1,416,780,064 | 224,621,488 | 1,192,158,576 | 18 95 | 1,757,042,672 | 203,284,592 | 1,553,758,080 | 1898 | 2,128,548,352 | 203,072,464 | 1,925,475,888 | 1900 | 1,760,206,672 | 215,747,168 | 1,544,459,504 | 1905 | 2,203,595,520 | 283,177,888 | 1,920,417,632 | 1907 | 2,386,901,104 | 330,352,064 | 2,056,549,040 | 1909 | 2,188,761,456 | 268,633,456 | 1,920,128,000 Textile Industries.-The most important of the textile industries of Great Britain is cotton manufacture. The quantities Cotton. of raw cotton imported, exported and retained for Cot consumption for various years during the period1890-1910were as follows: During the same period the minimum and maximum amount of raw cotton (in lb) imported into the United Kingdom from the principal countries whence it is exported was as follows: United States of America (1893), 1, 0 55, 8 55,3 60; (1898), 1,805,353,424; Egypt (1890), 181,266,176; (1907), 4 2 3, 0 5 2 ,44 8; British possessions in the East Indies (1898), 27,349,728; (1890), 2 3 8 ,74 6 ,7 0 4; (1909), 75,621,168;75,621,168; Brazil (1899), 5,4 6 4,59 2; (1906), 54,362,000; Peru (1891), 6, 1 75,344; (1909), 2 4,4 1 3,§4 8.8. In 1905 there were imported 7,941,920 lb from Chile (only 195,328 in 1909); 6,033,104 lb from Canada (this also fluctuates greatly; 1,801,072 in 1909); 1,241,408 lb from British West Africa (4,985,232 in 1909); 1,126,720 lb from the British West Indies and Guiana (3,022,208 in 1908). According to the census returns of 1901 there were 546,065 persons employed in cotton factories, 199,920 male and 346,145 female. Of the total number of workpeople, 529,131 were employed in England and Wales, 14,805 in Scotland and 212 in Ireland. In 1907 the total had risen to 576,820 (217,742 males and 359,078 females). | Year. | Imports. | Exports of imported Wool. | Retained. | | lb | lb | lb | 1890 | 633,028,131 | 340,712,303 | 292,315,828 | 18 95 | 775,379,063 | 404,935,226 | 370,443,837 | 1898 | 699,555,048 | 283,317,748 | 416,237,300 | 1900 | 558,950,528 | 196,207,261 | 362,743,267 | 1905 | 620,350,885 | 277,864,215 | 342,486,670 | 1907 | 764,286,625 | 313,519,282 | 450,767,343 | 1909 | 808,710,087 | 390,695,182 | 418,014,905 The extent of the woollen and worsted manufactures of the United Kingdom is indicated by the following table showing the imports and exports of wool and the quantity retained for use in various years (1890-19ò5):--- During the same period the minimum and maximum amount of wool (in lb) imported into the United Kingdom was as follows: Australia (1904), 220,483,961; (1895), 417,163,078; New Zealand (1890), 95, 6 3 2 ,59 8; (1909), 1 7 6 ,457, 1 5 0; British possessions in South Africa (1900), 32,219,369; (1909), 115,896,598; South America (1890), 11,173,692; (1908), 78,938,157; British possessions in the East Indies (1901), 24,069,571; (1909), 56,238,633; France (1890), 10, 8 73,7 88; (1902), 27,770,790; Turkish Empire (1908), 5,705,671; (1897), 25,727,462. In the woollen and worsted industries 239,954 persons were employed according to the census of 1901, of whom 99,425 were males and 140,529 females. Of the total number 209,700 were employed in England and Wales, 24,906 in Scotland and 5348 in Ireland. | | England | | | United Kingdom. | | | and | Scotland. | Ireland. | Total. | Males. | Females. | | Wales. | | | | Flax | 4,493 | 2 3,57 o | 71,464 | 29,226 | 70,301 | 99,527 | Hemp, jute, &c. . | 2,750 | 39,200 | 639 | 11,618 | 30,971 | 42,589 | Silk | 34,847 | 2,424 | 209 | 11,058 | 26,422 | 37,480 | 1-Iosiery | 4 8 ,374 | 11,957 | 611 | 15,067 | 45, 8 75 | 60,942 The numbers of persons employed in the other principal textile industries in 1901 was as follows: Commerce.-British commerce received an enormous development after the first quarter of the 19th century. In 1826 the aggregate value of the imports into and exports from the United Kingdom amounted to no more than £88,758,678; while the total rose to £110,559,538 in 1836 and to £205,625,831 in 1846. In 1856 the aggregate of imports and exports had risen to £311,764,507, in 1866 to £534,195,956 and in 1876 to £ 6 3 1 ,931,3 0 5. Thus the commercial transactions of the United Kingdom with foreign states and British colonies increased more than sevenfold in the course of fifty years. | Country. | 1890. | 1895. | 1900. | 1905. | 1909. | I. - BRITISH POSSESSIONS - | £ | £ | | £ | £ | India and Ceylon Imports Exports | 37,856,598 38,254,769 | 31,076,761 27,519,909 | 32,861,217 32,885,147 | 40540,341 45,796,432 | 40,995,633 46,617,909 | Straits Settlements,Malaysia Imports | 6,412,865 | 5,404,887 | 8,092,057 | 7,222,215 | 8,948,582 | and Hong Kong. Exports 5 | 5,766,059 | 4,077,436 | 6,162,526 | 7,162,908 | 7,455,726 | Africa. Imports ) Exports | 11,290,022 10,744,904 | 12,522,366 13,325,089 | 9,703,086 16,725,092 | 14,755,353 21,338,292 | 13,130.724 20,181,408 | Canada and Newfoundland 5 Imports | 12,444,489 | 13,400,570 | 22,240,325 | 26,204,205 | 27,674,340 | . Exports | 8,272,743 | 6,594,903 | 9,659,238 | 14,267,967 | 18,750,970 | West Indies, Bermudas,Hon- Imports | 2,992,472 | 2,831,343 | 2,483,648 | 2,717,318 | 2,969,772 | duras and Guiana.. Exports | 4,262,669 | 3,230,189 | 2,954,477 | 3,324,665 | 3,777,244 | Australia S Imports A | 20,992,185 | 24,954,779 | 23,800,820 | 26,968,977 | 32,655,709 | ? Exports | 281:374507:473005 | 15,867,979 | 23,545,565 | 19,476,463 | 27,207,430 | New Zealand. 5 Imports Exports | 3,705,428 8,383,058 | 3,443,688 | 11,615,881 5,899,292 | 13,391,222 6,994,806 | 17,730,556 8,081,422 | Other } Imports t Exports | 1,720,583 3,826,012 | 1,952,431 3,095,184 | 2,287,537 4,252,072 | 3,731,132 4,351,367 | 2,800,939 4,246,362 | II. FOREIGN COUNTRIES - | | | | | | France. S Imports 7 Exports | 44,828,148 24,710,803 | 47,470,583 20,324,998 | 53,618,656 25,877,453 | 53,072,900 23,232,663 | 50,690,785 31,515,320 | Germany Imports Exports | 26,073,331 30,516,281 | 26,992,559 32,736,651 | 31,181,667 38,542,790 | 35,799,758 42,742,300 | 40,115,450 47,168,852 | Belgium Imports B Exports | 17,383,776 13,594,966 | 17,545,169 11,934,653 | 23,502,603 14,846,307 | 27,751,288 14,818,923 | 29,217,560 19,284,791 | Holland Imports ) Exports | 25,900,924 | 28,419,944 | 31,381,023 | 35,481,059 | 37,371,702 | | 16,445,992 | 11,272,258 | 14,931,090 | 14516,887 | 16,303,884 | Denmark, Faeroe, Iceland, SImports | 7,753,389 | 9,799,328 | 13,187,757 | 15,606,991 | 19,427,483 | Greenland. .. Exports | 2,928,006 | 3,135,122 | 4724,121 | 4,609,671 | 5,705,415 | Norway ! Imports | - | 3,831,727 | 5,756,018 | 5,954,870 | 6,574,319 | Exports | | 2,532,050 | 3,910,982 | 3,712,532 | 3,835,436 | Sweden. ., Imports S Exports | - - | 8,784,256 4,036,729 | 20,635,060 6,495,223 | 9,827,993 6,016,332 | 9,245,303 7,114,071 | Imports Austria-Hungary Exports | 1,728,337 1,694,318 | 1,221,783 2,149,552 | 1,375,245 3,157,716 | 1,488,604 2,603,223 | 1,208,499 4,333,269 | Rumania Imports R ) | 4,447,159 | 2,118,505 | 1,396,639 | 1689,513 | 3,395,474 | ' Exports | 2,350,497 | 944,034 | 616,287 | 1,305,658 | 1,749,996 | Greece } Imports | 1,962,798 | 1,241,406 | 2,227,212 | 1,328,234 | 1,613,174 | 1 Exports | 1,235,126 | 860,193 | 1,104,196 | 1,251,642 | 1,513,744 | Italy Imports | 3,093,918 | 3,132,720 | 3417790 | 3,324,595 | 3,634,073 | . Exports | 8,523,209 | 6,211,337 | 9444498 | 9,787,306 | 13,274,764 | Imports Spain Exports P | 12,508,533 5,702,80 57 4 | 11,314,518 4,052,806 | 15,882,346 6,333,857 | 13,858,631 4,841,774 | 13,362,959 5,352,017 | 51mports Portugal Exports | 2,942,194 2,612,638 | 2,491,926 1,865,973 | 3,241,367 2,529,305 | 2,929,634 2,826,257 | 2,912,994 2,777,201 | Russian Empire Imports ) Exports | 23,750,868 8,846,054 | 24,736,919 10,686,333 | 21,983,952 16,360,475 | 33,366,234 14,884,050 | 36,897,746 28,325,844 | Turkey Imports Exports | 8,368,8511 7,340,8681 | 5,630,240 5,566,187 | 5,657,627 5,372,956 | 5,491,443 6,979,147 | 5,085,435 7,789,432 | Imports | 1,024,993 | 1,143,382 | 1,540,526 | 1,860,313 | 4,232,716 | Japan Exports | 4,187,373 | 4,772,829 | 9,933,925 | 9,796,900 | 8,618,821 | Chi } Imports China | 4,830,850 2 | 3343,865 22 | 2,359,821 | 2,340,3a63 | 3,725,502 | ? Exports | 6,763,221 2 | 5363,536 2 | 5,634,313 | 13,298,828 3 | 8,558,275 | Netherlands - India } Imports t Exports | 1,223,037 1,675,054 | 874,313 1,988,479 | 287,454 2,881,601 | 2,129,479 3,558,562 | 2,436,518 3,768,264 | } Imports | 8,368,851 | 9,524,507 | 12,585,578 | 14,976,188 | 19,872,288 | Egypt . (Exports | 3,459,991 | 3,414,556 | 6,159,468 | 8,069,668 | 8,142,325 | U.S.A. | 97,283,349 | 86,548,860 | 138,789,261 | 115,573,051 | 118,269,777 | t Exports | 46,340,012 | 44,067,703 | 37,343,955 | 47,282,088 | 59,254,166 | Mexico andCentral American Imports | 1,863,284 | 1,443,345 | 1,144,590 | 2,138,574 | 2,595,356 | States Exports s | 3,050,051 | 3,035,097 | 3,149,652 | 3,022,074 | 3,179,577 | Brazil 51Imports Exports | 4,350,675 7,795,073 | 3,614,155 7,643,739 | 5,946,547 6,156,600 | 8,109,208 6,916,617 | 11,271,890 8,809,226 | Argentina } Imports 1 Exports | 4,129,802 8,530,427 | 9,084,497 5,480,848 | 13,080,466 7,438,238 | 25,034,325 13,383,835 | 32,528,446 19,202,496 | Chile 51mports | 3,473,348 | 3,436,142 | 4,828,371 | 6,068,031 | 6,607,415 | Exports | 3,365,824 | 3,454,332 | 3,535,736 | 4,782,382 | 5,054,144 | Other countries in Asia Imports 1 Exports | 376,969 516,846 | 344,895 720,350 | 373,344 684,440 | 611,096 699,556 | 1 ,043,280 1,214,041 | Africa 51mports Exports | 2,345,843 3,262,462 | 1,683,319 3,052,023 | 2,503,823 4,686,727 | 2,901,281 6,063,114 | 4,538,518 7,783,508 | South America. Imports Exports | 2,080,466 5,674,325 | 2,437,294 4,489,592 | 2,355,802 4,088,731 | 3,897,595 5,129,351 | 5,657,201 6,137,748 | Other countries Imports | 3,206,713 | 3,447,034 | 3,190,888 | 6,289,947 | 4,260,790 | 5 Exports | 6,605,220 | 3901,551 | 6,370,943 | 8,352,264 | 7,440,065 | Total for British possessionsImports | 100,279,852 | 100,405,592 | 113,074,557 | 134,530,683 | 146,908,244 | ' Exports | 94,522,469 | 76,138,896 | 102,083,109 Copyright Statement
These files are public domain. Bibliography Information
Chisholm, Hugh, General Editor. Entry for 'United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland-2'. 1911 Encyclopedia Britanica. https://www.studylight.org/encyclopedias/eng/bri/u/united-kingdom-of-great-britain-and-ireland-2.html. 1910.
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