Bible Commentaries
Deuteronomy 15

Verses 1-5

The Year of Remission

The first two ordinances – Deuteronomy 15:1-1 Kings : and Deuteronomy 15:12-Job : – connect with what has been said in the last verses of the previous chapter about distributing the tithes to the poor (Deuteronomy 14:28-Joel :).

In Exodus and Leviticus, the sabbatical year is called the seventh year (Exodus 23:10-1 Kings :; Leviticus 25:1-Judges :). The only issue there is that the land must not be cultivated in the seventh year and must remain fallow. There is no mention of a remission. That is what is happening here.

After a third year (Deuteronomy 14:28) there is talk here of a seventh year, which in Deuteronomy 15:9 is called “the year of the remission”. In that year, a remission must be granted. Seven years indicates a perfection. Spiritually applied, this can be seen in the result of the work of the gifts given by the Lord Jesus to His body, the church. They are given to build up, so that the whole can come to full maturity (Ephesians 4:12-1 Chronicles :).

Levitical service must be aimed at the spiritual maturity of believers. Then these believers have reached the seventh year, they have become fathers in Christ (1 John 2:13-2 Chronicles :). The seventh year is characterized by rest. We see this with the fathers in Christ: they have found everything in Christ, He is everything for them.

This chapter deals with the resting of debts. In the seventh year, debt is not mentioned. There is no concern about creditors. If we are treated unfairly, the other has a debt to us. Someone who has let his flesh working against us has a debt to us. It may be that this debt is never repaid. It is no good with such debtors, they have to make up for it. But this chapter is about the creditor as someone who has reached the seventh year. He is in the year of remission.

Do we leave debt for what it is and don’t we stand up for our right, the right of penance? Those who stand up for their rights are actually poor brothers and sisters, they do not know what it is like to live in the ‘seventh year’. When we stand on our rights in this way, we have learned little from the Lord Jesus. He was rich and became poor for our sake (2 Corinthians 8:9).

Sons of God are like God: they are joyful givers following God Who gave an indescribable Gift (2 Corinthians 9:15). We can learn from the parable of the two debtors, one with a large debt and one with a small debt (Matthew 18:21-Habakkuk :). When we demand that a small debt be paid to us, we forget that we have been forgiven a huge debt that we could never pay. The standard to which we as Christians should forgive is God and not ourselves. We must learn to forgive as God has forgiven us in Christ (Ephesians 4:32; Colossians 3:13; cf. Matthew 6:12).

Difficulties in religious communities only rarely arise because of really principle matters. It is often a collision of characters, which leads to debts. When a seventh year arrives, what a relieve that can give. We don’t think enough that we are wealthy people, blessed with all spiritual blessings. We are wealthy sons of God. Those who are aware of this will be able to leave the debt to rest. That does not, as has already been said, take away the debtor’s responsibility, but what he has to do is not the issue here.

It is “the LORD’s remission” (Deuteronomy 15:2). We can only bear not to claim the debts if we see the Lord Jesus. That brings His blessing with it. It is as it were declaring guilt with Him. He always reimburses what is remitted for His sake. Remission does not make one poorer, but richer: God promises His blessing (Deuteronomy 15:4) and also keeps that promise (Deuteronomy 15:6). Because of this, they will be able to distribute blessings in a wider circle. Loaning places us in a position of freedom and authority.

Israel has been given the opportunity to become the richest and most prosperous people on earth. This prosperity would not be achieved by technological efforts, but by obedience to what God has said. They have even been promised world domination with which they would have a position of which all peoples would experience the blessing.

Verses 6-11

Lend to the Poor

It is not about how the poor have become so poor, but about the attitude of the rich, to test their feelings of compassion and mercy. God expects us to open our hands freely and lend generously. In Christianity as a whole there is hardly any knowledge of heavenly blessings. God loves the joyful giver; we may pass on our riches which the Lord has given us. Rich Christians, that is, those who know their spiritual riches and live in them and according to them, do not lend from others, but lend to others. Thus there will be equality (2 Corinthians 8:13-2 Chronicles :).

Those who know their spiritual riches have as sinful a heart as those who do not know them. The arguments not to give come from a sinful heart (Deuteronomy 15:9). A hardened heart holds its hand closed. Excuses are sought to avoid the obligation to give to our poor brothers and sisters (cf. James 2:16). He who has a hardened heart shows that he does not trust the Lord in the promise of blessing which He has given.

When the rich man closes his heart (1 John 3:17), he charges sin upon himself, for which he will be called to account. The poor man shall call to the LORD when he has to do with a man with a hardened heart. Calling to the Lord is “draw near … to the throne of grace” (Hebrews 4:16). There is help. In Him the poor finds a Friend Who hears his calls and will not embarrass.

The thought that borrowing just before the seventh year is equal to giving away should not prevent one from generously meeting the needs of another. Loaning, or giving, must be done with understanding and insight into the situation in which the other person finds himself. The LORD does not give the instruction to lend, or give, at will, but “sufficient for his need [in] whatever he lacks” (Deuteronomy 15:8).

If rich Christians do not look after poor Christians and enjoy their wealth among themselves, they are acting unworthy of sonship. The Lord Jesus speaks about lending even to enemies (Luke 6:35). He makes it clear there that sons give and not demand and therefore resemble their Father. They afford themselves the luxury of giving. Where demands are made, we are dealing with poor believers.

Giving is God’s great feature. He wants us to follow Him in this as good sons who resemble their Father. We are encouraged to give with mildness and not reluctantly. “God loves a cheerful giver” (2 Corinthians 9:7). He who gives may count on His blessing, both materially and spiritually (Isaiah 58:10-1 Kings :; Proverbs 3:10; Proverbs 28:27). Solomon may have thought of this word of Moses when he wrote down his proverb: “There is one who scatters, and [yet] increases all the more; And there is one who withholds what is justly due, [and yet it results] only in want” (Proverbs 11:24).

Deuteronomy 15:11 seems to contradict Deuteronomy 15:4. The contradiction is appearances. In Deuteronomy 15:4 it is God’s intention, in which He gives the rich the responsibility to ensure that there will be no poor. In Deuteronomy 15:11 it is a prophecy from the all-knowing God Who knows that by unfaithfulness, or to try the rich, there will always be poor (cf. Mark 14:7).

Verses 12-18

Setting Free of Slaves

A person who is unable to pay his debt can sell himself as a slave to the creditor. If the amount of his debt makes it necessary for him to work as a slave for at least six years, he must be released in the seventh year. That year of release is not the same as the year of remission, but the year of his slave ministry.

The provision to release slaves in the seventh year makes it clear that God wants to see His people as a free people. He wants to guarantee them that freedom, even if they have lost it through their own fault. The starting point for that freedom is obedience of the master to this provision of God. In the way of setting free he can show that his heart is connected with God’s heart and he can interpret God’s heart.

This section is similar to the section in Exodus that is also about a Hebrew slave (Exodus 21:1-1 Kings :). However, the relationship between the two parts shows that, from a spiritual point of view, there are two different applications. In Exodus 21 the Hebrew slave is a type of the Lord Jesus. The wife and children of the slave are a picture of the church and the individual believers.

Here it is about a male slave and a female slave. There is no mention of a woman and children of the slave. Here it is written in Deuteronomy 15:13-2 Chronicles : that the slave who is set free gets all kinds of gifts from his master, although he can also stay voluntarily out of love for his master. However, the emphasis here is not on the attitude of the slave, but on the mind of the master. This is about doing good to the brother, whether he is a debtor (Deuteronomy 15:1-Joshua :), a poor person (Deuteronomy 15:7-1 Kings :), or a slave (Deuteronomy 15:12-Job :).

The slave is released in the seventh year and must be set free with full hands. What he receives depends on the appreciation the master has of the blessing with which the LORD has blessed him. Through the slave, the master has earned much. If he had had to hire a man for all the work the slave did, it would have cost him twice as much.

It can already be difficult for us to forgive a brother who has morally committed himself to us. We do it, but sometimes with a grumbling heart. To set him free with full hands requires even more spiritual mind. Such an attitude can only be there if we realize ourselves that we have received everything we have from the Lord. That will make us grateful and that thankfulness will bring us to this action in imitation of how the Lord has acted with us. We used to be slaves in Egypt ourselves. When the people leave Egypt, they are also overloaded with gifts. That’s how God does it.

There is gratitude not only to God, but also to the slave who has served faithfully. The advantage that the master has had of this, he may let come to expression in what he gives the slave. What or how much it should be, is left to the master.

Paul tells Philemon not only to forgive Onesimus, but to set him free and overload him with all the Christian love of his heart (Philemon 1:15-Esther :). Thus he will fill the hands of Onesimus and win him and bind him forever to himself.

Verses 19-23

Firstborn of the Herd and of the Flock

This section is a transitional section to the next chapter. The firstborn of the cattle must be sanctified and eaten, year after year, before the LORD. They are the food for the sons of God, with whom Deuteronomy 14 begins. Sons are also firstborn. They are redeemed by a lamb and sanctified for God (Exodus 13:1-Nehemiah :).

The firstborn speaks of strength (Psalms 78:51; Psalms 105:36). God struck the Egyptians when He smote them. When people boast about their strength, they are always put aside. God cannot begin anything with them and must even judge them. Firstborn sons who have been hiding behind the blood of the Lamb are not only freed by God from judgment, but He wants to possess them for Himself (Ephesians 1:5). With God, every son has the character of a firstborn son. This is also how He calls Israel (Exodus 4:22).

The Lord Jesus is the Firstborn among many brethren (Romans 8:29). We have become sons through Him (Hebrews 2:10-2 Kings :). The whole church consists of firstborn sons (Hebrews 12:23). Thus they resemble Him, they are conformed to Him. The title ‘Firstborn’ indicates an order of precedence, a place above others. His unique, incomparable Person is expressed in another name, the name ‘Only Begotten’.

The firstborn must be taken from the herd and the flock. These animals are a type of the Lord Jesus. In general, oxen and sheep are the food for sons. But the firstborn oxen and sheep are special foods. They are sanctified before the LORD. This aspect is added here in connection with the place He has chosen to dwell there.

In Numbers it says that only priests may eat this near the sanctuary and after it has been sacrificed (Numbers 18:17-Job :). Here in Deuteronomy it is not about priests or sacrificing, here God expects the whole people to be a priesthood and that they all enjoy before God the blessing He has given.

We may eat of the blessings together with others, but we must never forget to involve God. He wants His share of sons who go into the sanctuary to honor Him. When there is talk of ‘children’, the emphasis is more on the care and love we receive from God, on Who God is for us. When there is talk of ‘sons’, the emphasis is more on what we are for God.

Firstborn animals that are deficient may not be brought to Jerusalem. They can be eaten at home. The norms for the fellowship of the church – the place where the Lord Jesus is in the midst – are different from home. This has to do with other responsibilities. In the church believers come as ‘wise men’ (1 Corinthians 10:15) to honor the Lord. At home, the children also have their input in honoring the Lord, without there being any insight or ‘wisdom’ of the Lord’s things, for example, because of their age. The levels are different. In this way, children’s songs can be sung in the family, which for believers, when they come together as a church, would not be suitable.