Bible Commentaries
Habakkuk 3

Introduction

CHAPTER 3

:-. HABAKKUK'S PRAYER TO GOD: GOD'S GLORIOUS REVELATION OF HIMSELF AT SINAI AND AT GIBEON, A PLEDGE OF HIS INTERPOSING AGAIN IN BEHALF OF ISRAEL AGAINST BABYLON, AND ALL OTHER FOES; HENCE THE PROPHET'S CONFIDENCE AMID CALAMITIES.

This sublime ode begins with an exordium (Habakkuk 3:1; Habakkuk 3:2), then follows the main subject, then the peroration (Habakkuk 3:2- :), a summary of the practical truth, which the whole is designed to teach. (Deuteronomy 33:2-5; Psalms 77:13-20 are parallel odes). This was probably designed by the Spirit to be a fit formula of prayer for the people, first in their Babylonian exile, and now in their dispersion, especially towards the close of it, just before the great Deliverer is to interpose for them. It was used in public worship, as the musical term, "Selah!" (Habakkuk 3:3; Habakkuk 3:9; Habakkuk 3:13), implies.

Verse 1

1. prayer—the only strictly called prayers are in Habakkuk 3:2. But all devotional addresses to God are called "prayers" (Psalms 72:20). The Hebrew is from a root "to apply to a judge for a favorable decision." Prayers in which praises to God for deliverance, anticipated in the sure confidence of faith, are especially calculated to enlist Jehovah on His people's side (2 Chronicles 20:20-22; 2 Chronicles 20:26).

upon Shigionoth—a musical phrase, "after the manner of elegies," or mournful odes, from an Arabic root [LEE]; the phrase is singular in 2 Chronicles 20:26- :, title. More simply, from a Hebrew root to "err," "on account of sins of ignorance." Habakkuk thus teaches his countrymen to confess not only their more grievous sins, but also their errors and negligences, into which they were especially likely to fall when in exile away from the Holy Land [CALVIN]. So Vulgate and AQUILA, and SYMMACHUS. "For voluntary transgressors" [JEROME]. Probably the subject would regulate the kind of music. DELITZSCH and HENDERSON translate, "With triumphal music," from the same root "to err," implying its enthusiastic irregularity.

Verse 2

2. I have heard thy speech—Thy revelation to me concerning the coming chastisement of the Jews [CALVIN], and the destruction of their oppressors. This is Habakkuk's reply to God's communication [GROTIUS]. MAURER translates, "the report of Thy coming," literally, "Thy report."

and was afraid—reverential fear of God's judgments (Habakkuk 3:16).

revive thy work—Perfect the work of delivering Thy people, and do not let Thy promise lie as if it were dead, but give it new life by performing it [MENOCHIUS]. CALVIN explains "thy work" to be Israel; called "the work of My hands" (Isaiah 45:11). God's elect people are peculiarly His work (Isaiah 45:11- :), pre-eminently illustrating His power, wisdom, and goodness. "Though we seem, as it were, dead nationally, revive us" (Psalms 85:6). However (Psalms 85:6- :), where "the work of God" refers to His judgment on their enemies, favors the former view (Psalms 90:16; Psalms 90:17; Isaiah 51:9; Isaiah 51:10).

in the midst of the years—namely, of calamity in which we live. Now that our calamities are at their height; during our seventy years' captivity. CALVIN more fancifully explains it, in the midst of the years of Thy people, extending from Abraham to Messiah; if they be cut off before His coming, they will be cut off as it were in the midst of their years, before attaining their maturity. So BENGEL makes the midst of the years to be the middle point of the years of the world. There is a strikingly similar phrase (Isaiah 51:10- :), In the midst of the week. The parallel clause, "in wrath" (that is, in the midst of wrath), however, shows that "in the midst of the years" means "in the years of our present exile and calamity."

make known—Made it (Thy work) known by experimental proof; show in very deed, that this is Thy work.

Verse 3

3. God—singular in the Hebrew, "Eloah," instead of "Elohim," plural, usually employed. The singular is not found in any other of the minor prophets, or Jeremiah, or Ezekiel; but it is in Isaiah, Daniel, Job, and Deuteronomy.

from Teman—the country south of Judea and near Edom, in which latter country Mount Paran was situated [HENDERSON]. "Paran" is the desert region, extending from the south of Judah to Sinai. Seir, Sinai, and Paran are adjacent to one another, and are hence associated together, in respect to God's giving of the law (Deuteronomy 33:2). Teman is so identified with Seir or Edom, as here to be substituted for it. Habakkuk appeals to God's glorious manifestations to His people at Sinai, as the ground for praying that God will "revive His work" (Habakkuk 3:2) now. For He is the same God now as ever.

Selah—a musical sign, put at the close of sections and strophes, always at the end of a verse, except thrice; namely, here, and Habakkuk 3:3; Habakkuk 3:9; Psalms 55:19; Psalms 57:3, where, however, it closes the hemistich. It implies a change of the modulation. It comes from a root to "rest" or "pause" [GESENIUS]; implying a cessation of the chant, during an instrumental interlude. The solemn pause here prepares the mind for contemplating the glorious description of Jehovah's manifestation which follows.

earth . . . full of his praise—that is, of His glories which were calculated to call forth universal praise; the parallelism to "glory" proves this to be the sense.

Verse 4

4. as the light—namely, of the sun (Job 37:21; Proverbs 4:18).

horns—the emblem of power wielded by "His hand" [LUDOVICUS DE DIEU]. "Rays" emanating from "His hand," compared by the Arabs to the horns of the gazelle (compare "hind of the morning," Psalms 22:1, title, Margin). The Hebrew verb for to "emit rays," is from the root meaning "horns" (Exodus 34:29; Exodus 34:30; Exodus 34:35) [GROTIUS]. The rays are His lightnings (Psalms 18:8), [MAURER].

there—in that "brightness." In it, notwithstanding its brilliancy, there was but the veil "(the hiding) of His power." Even "light," God's "garment," covers, instead of revealing fully, His surpassing glory (Psalms 18:8- :) [HENDERSON]. Or, on Mount Sinai [DRUSIUS]. (Compare Exodus 24:17). The Septuagint and Syriac versions read for "there," He made a hiding, c. He hid Himself with clouds. English Version is better, which CALVIN explains, there is said to be "a hiding of God's power," because God did not reveal it indiscriminately to all, but specially to His people (Psalms 31:20). The contrast seems to me to be between the "horns" or emanations out of His power ("hand"), and that "power" itself. The latter was hidden, whereas the "horns" or emanations alone were manifested. If the mere scintillations were so awfully overwhelming, how much more so the hidden power itself! This was especially true of His manifestation at Sinai (Psalms 18:11; compare Isaiah 45:15; Isaiah 45:17).

Verse 5

5. pestilence—to destroy His people's foes (1 Samuel 5:9; 1 Samuel 5:11). As Jehovah's advent is glorious to His people, so it is terrible to His foes.

burning coals— 1 Samuel 5:11- : favors English Version. But the parallelism requires, as the Margin translates, "burning disease" (compare Deuteronomy 32:24; Psalms 91:6).

went . . . at his feet—that is, after Him, as His attendants (Psalms 91:6- :).

Verse 6

6. He stood, and measured the earth—Jehovah, in His advance, is represented as stopping suddenly, and measuring the earth with His all-seeing glance, whereat there is universal consternation. MAURER, from a different root, translates, "rocked the earth"; which answers better to the parallel "drove asunder"; the Hebrew for which latter, however, may be better translated, "made to tremble."

everlasting mountains—which have ever been remembered as retaining the same place and form from the foundation of the world.

did bow—as it were, in reverent submission.

his ways are everlasting—His marvellous ways of working for the salvation of His people mark His everlasting character: such as He was in His workings for them formerly, such shall He be now.

Verse 7

7. the tents—that is, the dwellers.

Cushan—the same as Cush; made "Cush-an" to harmonize with "Midi-an" in the parallel clause. So Lotan is found in the Hebrew of Genesis for Lot. BOCHART therefore considers it equivalent to Midian, or a part of Arabia. So in Numbers 12:1, Moses' Midianite wife is called an Ethiopian (Hebrew, Cushite). MAURER thinks the dwellers on both sides of the Arabian Gulf, or Red Sea, are meant; for in Habakkuk 3:6 God's everlasting or ancient ways of delivering His people are mentioned; and in Habakkuk 3:6- :, the dividing of the Red Sea for them. Compare Miriam's song as to the fear of Israel's foes far and near caused thereby (Exodus 15:14-16). Hebrew expositors refer it to Chushan-rishathaim, king of Mesopotamia, or Syria, the first oppressor of Israel (Judges 3:8; Judges 3:10), from whom Othniel delivered them. Thus the second hemistich of the verse will refer to the deliverance of Israel from Midian by Gideon (Judges 3:10- :) to which Habakkuk 3:11 plainly refers. Whichever of these views be correct, the general reference is to God's interpositions against Israel's foes of old.

in affliction—rather, "under affliction" (regarded) as a heavy burden. Literally, "vanity" or "iniquity," hence the punishment of it (compare Numbers 25:17; Numbers 25:18).

curtains—the coverings of their tents; the shifting habitations of the nomad tribes, which resembled the modern Bedouins.

tremble—namely, at Jehovah's terrible interposition for Israel against them.

Verse 8

8. Was the Lord displeased against the rivers?—"Was the cause of His dividing the Red Sea and Jordan His displeasure against these waters?" The answer to this is tacitly implied in "Thy chariots of salvation." "Nay; it was not displeasure against the waters, but His pleasure in interposing for His people's salvation" (compare Habakkuk 3:10).

thy chariots—in antithesis to Thy foe, Pharaoh's chariots," which, notwithstanding their power and numbers, were engulfed in the waters of destruction. God can make the most unlikely means work for His people's salvation (Exodus 14:7; Exodus 14:9; Exodus 14:23; Exodus 14:25-28; Exodus 15:3-8; Exodus 15:19). Jehovah's chariots are His angels (Psalms 68:17), or the cherubim, or the ark (Joshua 3:13; Joshua 4:7; compare Joshua 4:7- :).

Verse 9

9. bow . . . made . . . naked—that is, was drawn forth from its cover, in which bows usually were cased when not in use. Compare Isaiah 22:6, "Kir uncovered the shield."

according to the oaths of the tribes even thy word—that is, Thy oaths of promise to the tribes of Israel (Psalms 77:8; Luke 1:73; Luke 1:74). Habakkuk shows that God's miraculous interpositions for His people were not limited to one time, but that God's oaths to His people are sure ground for their always expecting them. The mention of the tribes, rather than Abraham or Moses, is in order that they may not doubt that to them belongs this grace of which Abraham was the depository [CALVIN and JEROME]. MAURER translates, "The spears were glutted with blood, the triumphal song!" that is, no sooner did Jehovah begin the battle by baring His bow, than the spears were glutted with blood and the triumphal song sung.

Thou didst cleave the earth with rivers—the result of the earthquake caused by God's approach [MAURER]. GROTIUS refers it to the bringing forth water from the rock (Exodus 17:6; Numbers 20:10; Numbers 20:11; Psalms 78:15; Psalms 78:16; Psalms 105:4). But the context implies not the giving of water to His people to drink, but the fearful physical phenomena attending Jehovah's attack on Israel's foes.

Verse 10

10. The mountains—repetition with increased emphasis of some of the tremendous phenomena mentioned in Habakkuk 3:6.

overflowing of the water passed by—namely, of the Red Sea; and again, of the Jordan. God marked His favor to His people in all the elements, causing every obstacle, whether mountains or waters, which impeded their progress, to "pass away" [CALVIN]. MAURER, not so well, translates, "torrents (rains) of water rush down."

lifted . . . hands on high—namely, its billows lifted on high by the tempest. Personification. As men signify by voice or gesture of hand that they will do what they are commanded, so these parts of nature testified their obedience to God's will (Exodus 14:22; Joshua 3:16; Psalms 77:17; Psalms 77:18; Psalms 114:4).

Verse 11

11. sun . . . moon stood still—at Joshua's command (Joshua 10:12; Joshua 10:13). MAURER wrongly translates, "stand" (withdrawn, or hidden from view, by the clouds which covered the sky during the thunders).

light of thine arrows—hail mixed with lightnings (Joshua 10:10; Joshua 10:11).

they went—The sun and moon "went," not as always heretofore, but according to the light and direction of Jehovah's arrows, namely, His lightnings hurled in defense of His people; astonished at these they stood still [CALVIN]. MAURER translates, "At the light of Thine arrows (which) went" or flew.

Verse 12

12. march—implying Jehovah's majestic and irresistible progress before His people (Judges 5:4; Psalms 68:7). Israel would not have dared to attack the nations, unless Jehovah had gone before.

thresh— (Psalms 68:7- :).

Verse 13

13. with thine anointed—with Messiah; of whom Moses, Joshua, and David, God's anointed leaders of Israel, were the types (Psalms 89:19; Psalms 89:20; Psalms 89:38). God from the beginning delivered His people in person, or by the hand of a Mediator (Isaiah 63:11). Thus Habakkuk confirms believers in the hope of their deliverance, as well because God is always the same, as also because the same anointed Mediator is ready now to fulfil God's will and interpose for Israel, as of old [CALVIN]. MAURER translates to suit the parallelism, "for salvation to Thine anointed," namely, Israel's king in the abstract, answering to the "people" in the former clause (compare Psalms 28:8; Lamentations 4:20). Or Israel is meant, the anointed, that is, consecrated people of Jehovah (Lamentations 4:20- :).

woundedst the head out of the house of the wicked—probably an allusion to Lamentations 4:20- :. Each head person sprung from and belonging to the house of Israel's wicked foes; such as Jabin, whose city Hazor was "the head of all the kingdoms" of Canaan (Lamentations 4:20- :; compare Judges 4:2; Judges 4:3; Judges 4:13).

discovering the foundation—Thou destroyedst high and low. As "the head of the house" means the prince, so the "foundation" means the general host of the enemy.

unto the neck—image from a flood reaching to the neck (Isaiah 8:8; Isaiah 30:28). So God, by His wrath overflowing on the foe, caused their princes' necks to be trodden under foot by Israel's leaders (Joshua 10:24; Joshua 11:8; Joshua 11:12).

Verse 14

14. strike . . . with his staves—with the "wicked" ( :-) foe's own sword (MAURER translates, "spears") ( :-).

head of his villages—Not only kings were overthrown by God's hand, but His vengeance passed through the foe's villages and dependencies. A just retribution, as the foe had made "the inhabitants of Israel's villages to cease" (Judges 5:7). GROTIUS translates, "of his warriors"; GESENIUS, "the chief of his captains."

to scatter me—Israel, with whom Habakkuk identifies himself (compare Judges 5:7- :).

rejoicing . . . to devour the poor secretly—"The poor" means the Israelites, for whom in their helpless state the foe lurks in his lair, like a wild beast, to pounce on and devour (Psalms 10:9; Psalms 17:12).

Verse 15

15. Thou didst walk through the sea with thine horses— (Habakkuk 3:8). No obstacle could prevent Thy progress when leading Thy people in safety to their inheritance, whether the Red Sea, Jordan, or the figurative waves of foes raging against Israel (Psalms 65:7; Psalms 77:19).

Verse 16

16. When I heard . . . trembled—namely, at the judgments which God had declared ( :-) were to be inflicted on Judea by the Chaldeans.

belly—The bowels were thought by the Hebrews to be the seat of yearning compassion (Jeremiah 31:20). Or "heard" may refer to Habakkuk 3:2, "When I heard as to Jehovah's coming interposition for Israel against the Chaldeans being still at some distance" (Habakkuk 3:2- :); so also the voice" [MAURER].

at the voice—of the divine threatenings (Habakkuk 1:6). The faithful tremble at the voice alone of God before He inflicts punishment. Habakkuk speaks in the person of all the faithful in Israel.

trembled in myself—that is, I trembled all over [GROTIUS].

that I might rest in the day of trouble—The true and only path to rest is through such fear. Whoever is securely torpid and hardened towards God, will be tumultuously agitated in the day of affliction, and so will bring on himself a worse destruction; but he who in time meets God's wrath and trembles at His threats, prepares the best rest for himself in the day of affliction [CALVIN]. HENDERSON translates, "Yet I shall have rest." Habakkuk thus consoling his mind, Though trembling at the calamity coming, yet I shall have rest in God (Habakkuk 1:6- :). But that sentiment does not seem to be directly asserted till Habakkuk 3:17, as the words following at the close of this verse imply.

when he cometh up unto the people, he will invade—rather (as English Version is a mere truism), connected with the preceding clause, "that I might rest . . . when he (the Chaldean foe) cometh up unto the people (the Jews), that he may cut them off" [CALVIN]. The Hebrew for "invade" means, to rush upon, or to attack and cut off with congregated troops.

Verse 17

17. Destroy the "vines" and "fig trees" of the carnal heart, and his mirth ceases. But those who when full enjoyed God in all, when emptied can enjoy all in God. They can sit down upon the heap of ruined creature comforts, and rejoice in Him as the "God of their salvation." Running in the way of His commandments, we outrun our troubles. Thus Habakkuk, beginning his prayer with trembling, ends it with a song of triumph (Job 13:15; Psalms 4:7; Psalms 43:3; Psalms 43:5).

labour of the olive—that is, the fruit expected from the olive.

fail—literally, "lie," that is, disappoint the hope (Psalms 43:5- :, Margin).

fields—from a Hebrew root meaning "to be yellow"; as they look at harvest-time.

meat—food, grain.

cut off—that is, cease.

Verse 18

18. yet I will rejoice—The prophet speaks in the name of his people.

Verse 19

19. hinds' feet . . . walk upon . . . high places—Habakkuk has here before his mind Psalms 18:33; Psalms 18:34; Deuteronomy 32:13. "Hinds' (gazelles') feet" imply the swiftness with which God enables him (the prophet and his people) to escape from his enemies, and return to his native land. The "high places" are called "mine," to imply that Israel shall be restored to his own land, a land of hills which are places of safety and of eminence (compare Genesis 19:17; Matthew 24:16). Probably not only the safety, but the moral elevation, of Israel above all the lands of the earth is implied (Matthew 24:16- :).

on my stringed instruments—neginoth. This is the prophet's direction to the precentor ("chief singer") as to how the preceding ode (Habakkuk 3:1-19) is to be performed (compare Psalms 4:1; Psalms 6:1, titles). The prophet had in mind a certain form of stringed instrument adapted to certain numbers and measures. This formula at the end of the ode, directing the kind of instrument to be used, agrees with that in the beginning of it, which directs the kind of melody (compare Psalms 6:1- :).