Bible Commentaries
1 Corinthians 2

Introduction

CHAPTER 2

:-. PAUL'S SUBJECT OF PREACHING, CHRIST CRUCIFIED, NOT IN WORLDLY, BUT IN HEAVENLY, WISDOM AMONG THE PERFECT.

Verse 1

1. And I—"So I" [CONYBEARE] as one of the "foolish, weak, and despised" instruments employed by God (1 Corinthians 1:27; 1 Corinthians 1:28); "glorying in the Lord," not in man's wisdom (1 Corinthians 1:28- :). Compare 1 Corinthians 1:23, "We."

when I came— (1 Corinthians 1:23- :, c.). Paul might, had he pleased, have used an ornate style, having studied secular learning at Tarsus of Cilicia, which STRABO preferred as a school of learning to Athens or Alexandria here, doubtless, he read the Cilician Aratus' poems (which he quotes, Acts 17:28), and Epimenides (Titus 1:12), and Menander (1 Corinthians 15:33). Grecian intellectual development was an important element in preparing the way for the Gospel, but it failed to regenerate the world, showing that for this a superhuman power is needed. Hellenistic (Grecizing) Judaism at Tarsus and Alexandria was the connecting link between the schools of Athens and those of the Rabbis. No more fitting birthplace could there have been for the apostle of the Gentiles than Tarsus, free as it was from the warping influences of Rome, Alexandria, and Athens. He had at the same time Roman citizenship, which protected him from sudden violence. Again, he was reared in the Hebrew divine law at Jerusalem. Thus, as the three elements, Greek cultivation, Roman polity (1 Corinthians 15:33- :), and the divine law given to the Jews, combined just at Christ's time, to prepare the world for the Gospel, so the same three, by God's marvellous providence, met together in the apostle to the Gentiles [CONYBEARE and HOWSON].

testimony of God—"the testimony of Christ" (1 Corinthians 15:33- :); therefore Christ is God.

Verse 2

2. The Greek implies, "The only definite thing that I made it my business to know among you, was to know Jesus Christ (His person) and Him crucified (His office)" [ALFORD], not exalted on the earthly throne of David, but executed as the vilest malefactor. The historical fact of Christ's crucifixion had probably been put less prominently forward by the seekers after human wisdom in the Corinthian church, to avoid offending learned heathens and Jews. Christ's person and Christ's office constitute the sum of the Gospel.

Verse 3

3. I—the preacher: as 1 Corinthians 2:2 describes the subject, "Christ crucified," and 1 Corinthians 2:2- : the mode of preaching: "my speech . . . not with enticing words," "but in demonstration of the Spirit."

weakness—personal and bodily (2 Corinthians 10:10; 2 Corinthians 12:7; 2 Corinthians 12:9; Galatians 4:13).

trembling—(compare Galatians 4:13- :). Not personal fear, but a trembling anxiety to perform a duty; anxious conscientiousness, as proved by the contrast to "eye service" (Galatians 4:13- :) [CONYBEARE and HOWSON].

Verse 4

4. my speech—in private.

preaching—in public [BENGEL]. ALFORD explains it, My discourse on doctrines, and my preaching or announcement of facts.

enticing—rather, "persuasive."

man's wisdom—man's is omitted in the oldest authorities. Still "wisdom" does refer to "man's" wisdom.

in demonstration of . . . Spirit, c.—Persuasion is man's means of moving his fellow man. God's means is demonstration, leaving no doubt, and inspiring implicit faith, by the powerful working of the Spirit (then exhibited both outwardly by miracles, and inwardly by working on the heart, now in the latter and the more important way only, Matthew 7:29 Acts 6:10; Hebrews 4:12; compare also Hebrews 4:12- :). The same simple power accompanies divine truth now, producing certain persuasion and conversion, when the Spirit demonstrates by it.

Verse 5

5. stand in . . . wisdom of men—rest on it, owe its origin and continuance to it.

Verse 6

6, 7. Yet the Gospel preaching, so far from being at variance with true "wisdom," is a wisdom infinitely higher than that of the wise of the world.

we speak—resuming "we" (preachers, I, Apollos, c.) from "we preach" ( :-), only that here, "we speak" refers to something less public (compare 1 Corinthians 2:7 1 Corinthians 2:13, "mystery . . . hidden") than "we preach," which is public. For "wisdom" here denotes not the whole of Christian doctrine, but its sublimer and deeper principles.

perfect—Those matured in Christian experience and knowledge alone can understand the true superiority of the Christian wisdom which Paul preached. Distinguished not only from worldly and natural men, but also from babes, who though "in Christ" retain much that is "carnal" (1 Corinthians 3:1; 1 Corinthians 3:2), and cannot therefore understand the deeper truths of Christianity (1 Corinthians 14:20; Philippians 3:15; Hebrews 5:14). Paul does not mean by the "mystery" or "hidden wisdom" (1 Corinthians 2:7) some hidden tradition distinct from the Gospel (like the Church of Rome's disciplina arcani and doctrine of reserve), but the unfolding of the treasures of knowledge, once hidden in God's counsels, but now announced to all, which would be intelligently comprehended in proportion as the hearer's inner life became perfectly transformed into the image of Christ. Compare instances of such "mysteries," that is, deeper Christian truths, not preached at Paul's first coming to Corinth, when he confined himself to the fundamental elements (1 Corinthians 2:7- :), but now spoken to the "perfect" (1 Corinthians 15:51; Romans 11:25; Ephesians 3:5; Ephesians 3:6). "Perfect" is used not of absolute perfection, but relatively to "babes," or those less ripe in Christian growth (compare Philippians 3:12; Philippians 3:15; 1 John 2:12-14). "God" (1 Corinthians 2:7) is opposed to the world, the apostles to "the princes [great and learned men] of this world" (1 Corinthians 2:7- :; compare 1 Corinthians 1:20) [BENGEL].

come to naught—nothingness (1 Corinthians 1:28). They are transient, not immortal. Therefore, their wisdom is not real [BENGEL]. Rather, translate with ALFORD, "Which are being brought to naught," namely, by God's choosing the "things which are not (the weak and despised things of the Gospel), to bring to naught (the same verb as here) things that are" (1 Corinthians 1:28- :).

Verse 7

7. wisdom of God—emphatically contrasted with the wisdom of men and of this world (1 Corinthians 2:5; 1 Corinthians 2:6).

in a mystery—connected in construction with "we speak": We speak as dealing with a mystery; that is not something to be kept hidden, but what heretofore was so, but is now revealed. Whereas the pagan mysteries were revealed only to a chosen few, the Gospel mysteries were made known to all who would obey the truth. "If our Gospel be hid, it is hid to them that are lost" (1 Corinthians 2:6- :), "whom the God of this world hath blinded." Ordinarily we use "mystery" in reference to those from whom the knowledge is withheld; the apostles, in reference to those to whom it is revealed [WHATELY]. It is hidden before it is brought forward, and when it is brought forward it still remains hidden to those that are imperfect [BENGEL].

ordained—literally, "foreordained" (compare 1 Corinthians 2:6- :), "prepared for them that love Him."

before the world—rather, "before the ages" (of time), that is, from eternity. This infinitely antedates worldly wisdom in antiquity. It was before not only the wisdom of the world, but eternally before the world itself and its ages.

to our glory—ours both now and hereafter, from "the Lord of glory" (1 Corinthians 2:6- :), who brings to naught "the princes of this world."

Verse 8

8. Which—wisdom. The strongest proof of the natural man's destitution of heavenly wisdom.

crucified . . . Lord of glory—implying the inseparable connection of Christ's humanity and His divinity. The Lord of glory (which He had in His own right before the world was, John 17:4; John 17:24) was crucified.

Verse 9

9. But—(it has happened) as it is written.

Eye hath not seen, c.—ALFORD translates, "The things which eye saw not . . . the things which God prepared . . . to us God revealed through His Spirit." Thus, however, the "but" of :- is ignored. Rather construe, as ESTIUS, "('We speak,' supplied from :-), things which eye saw not (heretofore), . . . things which God prepared . . . But God revealed them to us," &c. The quotation is not a verbatim one, but an inspired exposition of the "wisdom" (1 Corinthians 2:6, from Isaiah 64:4). The exceptive words, "O God, beside (that is, except) Thee," are not quoted directly, but are virtually expressed in the exposition of them (1 Corinthians 2:10), "None but thou, O God, seest these mysteries, and God hath revealed them to us by His Spirit."

entered—literally, "come up into the heart." A Hebraism (compare, 1 Corinthians 2:10- :, Margin). In 1 Corinthians 2:10- : it is "Prepared (literally, 'will do') for him that waiteth for Him" here, "for them that love Him." For Isaiah spake to them who waited for Messiah's appearance as future; Paul, to them who love Him as having actually appeared (1 John 4:19); compare 1 Corinthians 2:12, "the things that are freely given to us of God"

Verse 10

10. revealed . . . by . . . Spirit—The inspiration of thoughts (so far as truth essential to salvation is concerned) makes the Christian (1 Corinthians 3:16; 1 Corinthians 12:3; Matthew 16:17; John 16:13; 1 John 2:20; 1 John 2:27); that of words, the PROPHET (2 Samuel 23:1; 2 Samuel 23:2; 1 Kings 13:1; 1 Kings 13:5), "by the word of the Lord" (1 Corinthians 2:13; John 20:30; John 20:31; 2 Peter 1:21). The secrets of revelation are secret to some, not because those who know them will not reveal them (for indeed, the very notion of revelation implies an unveiling of what had been veiled), but because those to whom they are announced have not the will or power to comprehend them. Hence the Spirit-taught alone know these secrets (Psalms 25:14; Proverbs 3:32; John 7:17; John 15:15).

unto us—the "perfect" or fully matured in Christian experience (John 15:15- :). Intelligent men may understand the outline of doctrines; but without the Holy Spirit's revelation to the heart, these will be to them a mere outline—a skeleton, correct perhaps, but wanting life [WHATLEY, Cautions for the Times, 14], (John 15:15- :).

the Spirit searcheth—working in us and with our spirits (compare Romans 8:16; Romans 8:26; Romans 8:27). The Old Testament shows us God (the Father) for us. The Gospels, God (the Son) with us. The Acts and Epistles, God (the Holy Ghost) in us [MONOD], (Romans 8:27- :).

deep things of God— (Romans 8:27- :). His divine nature, attributes, and counsels. The Spirit delights to explore the infinite depths of His own divine mind, and then reveal them to us, according as we are capable of understanding them (Deuteronomy 29:29). This proves the personality and Godhead of the Holy Ghost. Godhead cannot be separated from the Spirit of God, as manhood cannot be separated from the Spirit of man [BENGEL].

Verse 11

11. what man, &c.—literally, "who of men knoweth the things of a man, save the spirit of that man?"

things of God knoweth no man—rather, "none knoweth," not angel or man. This proves the impossibility of any knowing the things of God, save by the Spirit of God (who alone knows them, since even in the case of man, so infinitely inferior in mind to God, none of his fellow men, but his own spirit alone knows the things hidden within him).

Verse 12

12. we . . . received, not . . . spirit of . . . world—the personal evil "spirit that now worketh in the children of disobedience" ( :-). This spirit is natural in the unregenerate, and needs not to be received.

Spirit which is of God—that is, which comes from God. We have received it only by the gift of God, whose Spirit it is, whereas our own spirit is the spirit that is in us men (1 Corinthians 2:11).

that we might know . . . things . . . freely given . . . of God—present experimental knowledge, to our unspeakable comfort, of His deep mysteries of wisdom, and of our future possession of the good "things which God hath prepared for them that love Him" (1 Corinthians 2:11- :).

Verse 13

13. also—We not only know by the Holy Ghost, but we also speak the "things freely given to us of God" ( :-).

which the Holy Ghost teacheth—The old manuscripts read "the Spirit" simply, without "Holy."

comparing spiritual things with spiritual—expounding the Spirit-inspired Old Testament Scripture, by comparison with the Gospel which Jesus by the same Spirit revealed [GROTIUS]; and conversely illustrating the Gospel mysteries by comparing them with the Old Testament types [CHRYSOSTOM]. So the Greek word is translated, "comparing" ( :-). WAHL (Key of the New Testament) translates, "explaining (as the Greek is translated, Genesis 40:8, the Septuagint) to spiritual (that is, Spirit-taught) men, spiritual things (the things which we ourselves are taught by the Spirit)." Spirit-taught men alone can comprehend spiritual truths. This accords with 1 Corinthians 2:6; 1 Corinthians 2:9; 1 Corinthians 2:10; 1 Corinthians 2:14; 1 Corinthians 2:15; 1 Corinthians 3:1. ALFORD translates, "Putting together (combining) spirituals with spirituals"; that is, attaching spiritual words to spiritual things, which we should not do, if we were to use words of worldly wisdom to expound spiritual things (so 1 Corinthians 2:1; 1 Corinthians 2:4; 1 Peter 4:11). Perhaps the generality of the neuters is designed to comprehend these several notions by implication. Comparing, or combining, spirituals with spirituals; implying both that spiritual things are only suited to spiritual persons (so "things" comprehended persons, 1 Corinthians 1:27), and also that spiritual truths can only be combined with spiritual (not worldly-wise) words; and lastly, spirituals of the Old and New Testaments can only be understood by mutual comparison or combination, not by combination with worldly "wisdom," or natural perceptions (1 Corinthians 1:21; 1 Corinthians 1:22; 1 Corinthians 2:1; 1 Corinthians 2:4-9; compare 1 Corinthians 2:4-46.2.9- :).

Verse 14

14. natural man—literally, "a man of animal soul." As contrasted with the spiritual man, he is governed by the animal soul, which overbears his spirit, which latter is without the Spirit of God ( :-). So the animal (English Version, "natural") body, or body led by the lower animal nature (including both the mere human fallen reason and heart), is contrasted with the Spirit-quickened body ( :-). The carnal man (the man led by bodily appetites, and also by a self-exalting spirit, estranged from the divine life) is closely akin; so too the "earthly." "Devilish," or "demon-like"; "led by an evil spirit," is the awful character of such a one, in its worst type (James 3:15).

receiveth not—though they are offered to him, and are "worthy of being received by all men" (1 Timothy 1:15).

they are foolishness unto him—whereas he seeks "wisdom" (1 Timothy 1:15- :).

neither can he—Not only does he not, but he cannot know them, and therefore has no wish to "receive" them (1 Timothy 1:15- :).

Verse 15

15. He that is spiritual—literally, "the spiritual (man)." In :-, it is "A [not 'the,' as English Version] natural man." The spiritual is the man distinguished above his fellow men, as he in whom the Spirit rules. In the unregenerate, the spirit which ought to be the organ of the Holy Spirit (and which is so in the regenerate), is overridden by the animal soul, and is in abeyance, so that such a one is never called "spiritual."

judgeth all things—and persons, by their true standard (compare 1 Corinthians 6:2-4; 1 John 4:1), in so far as he is spiritual. "Discerneth . . . is discerned," would better accord with the translation of the same Greek (1 John 4:1- :). Otherwise for "discerned," in 1 John 4:1- :, translate, "judged of," to accord with the translation, "judgeth . . . is judged" in this fifteenth verse. He has a practical insight into the verities of the Gospel, though he is not infallible on all theoretical points. If an individual may have the Spirit without being infallible, why may not the Church have the Spirit, and yet not be infallible (a refutation of the plea of Rome for the Church's infallibility, from Matthew 28:20; John 16:13)? As the believer and the Church have the Spirit, and are yet not therefore impeccable, so he and the Church have the Spirit, and yet are not infallible or impeccable. He and the Church are both infallible and impeccable, only in proportion to the degree in which they are led by the Spirit. The Spirit leads into all truth and holiness; but His influence on believers and on the Church is as yet partial. Jesus alone, who had the Spirit without measure (John 16:13- :), is both infallible and impeccable. Scripture, because it was written by men, who while writing were infallibly inspired, is unmixed truth (Proverbs 28:5; 1 John 2:27).

Verse 16

16. For—proof of :-, that the spiritual man "is judged of no man." In order to judge the spiritual man, the ordinary man must "know the mind of the Lord." But "who of ordinary men knows" that?

that he may instruct him—that is, so as to be able to set Him right as His counsellor (quoted from Isaiah 40:13; Isaiah 40:14). So the Septuagint translates the Greek verb, which means to "prove," in Isaiah 40:14- :. Natural men who judge spiritual men, living according to the mind of God ("We have the mind of Christ"), are virtually wishing to instruct God, and bring Him to another mind, as counsellors setting to right their king.

we have the mind of Christ—in our degree of capability to apprehend it. Isaiah 40:13; Isaiah 40:14 refers to JEHOVAH: therefore, as it is applied here to Christ, He is Jehovah.