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Complete Jewish Bible
Isaiah 48:4
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Because I know that you are stubborn,and your neck is ironand your forehead bronze,
Because I knew that you are obstinate, and your neck is an iron sinew, and your brow brass;
Because I knew that thou art obstinate, and thy neck is an iron sinew, and thy brow brass;
Because I know that you are obstinate, and your neck is an iron sinew and your forehead brass,
"Because I know that you are obstinate, And your neck is an iron tendon And your forehead bronze,
I knew you were stubborn; your neck was like an iron muscle, and your head was like bronze.
"Because I know that you are obstinate, And your neck is an iron tendon And your brow is bronze [both unyielding],
Because I knew that you are obstinate, and your neck is an iron sinew, and your brow brass;
Because I knewe, that thou art obstinate, & thy necke is an yron sinew, & thy brow brasse,
Because I know that you are stiff,And your neck is an iron sinewAnd your forehead bronze,
For I knew that you are stubborn; your neck is iron and your forehead is bronze.
I knew you were stubborn and hardheaded.
Because I knew that thou art obstinate, and thy neck is an iron sinew, and thy brow brass,
I did that because I knew you were stubborn. You were like iron that will not bend, with heads as hard as bronze.
Because I knew that you are obstinate and your neck is an iron sinew and your brow brass;
I knew that you would prove to be stubborn, as rigid as iron and unyielding as bronze.
because I know that you are obstinate, and your neck an iron sinew, and your forehead bronze.
Because I knew that you are hard, and your neck is a sinew of iron, and your brow bronze.
Howbeit I knewe that thou art obstinate, and that thy neck hath an yron vane, and that thy brow is of brasse.
Because I knew that thou art obstinate, and thy neck is an iron sinew, and thy brow brass;
Because I saw that your heart was hard, and that your neck was an iron cord, and your brow brass;
Because I knew that thou art obstinate, and thy neck is an iron sinew, and thy brow brass;
Because I knew that thou art obstinate, and thy necke is an yron sinew, and thy brow brasse:
Howbeit I knowe that thou art obstinate, and that thy necke hath an iron sinowe, and that thy browe is of brasse.
I know that thou art stubborn, and thy neck is an iron sinew, and thy forehead brazen.
Because I knew that thou art obstinate, and thy neck is an iron sinew, and thy brow brass;
For Y wiste that thou art hard, and thi nol is a senewe of irun, and thi forhed is of bras.
Because I knew that you are obstinate, and your neck is an iron sinew, and your brow bronze;
Because I knew that thou [art] obstinate, and thy neck [is] an iron sinew, and thy brow brass;
I did this because I know how stubborn you are. Your neck muscles are like iron and your forehead like bronze.
Because I knew that you were obstinate, And your neck was an iron sinew, And your brow bronze,
For I know how stubborn and obstinate you are. Your necks are as unbending as iron. Your heads are as hard as bronze.
I know that your heart is hard. Your neck is like iron, and your forehead is like brass.
Because I know that you are obstinate, and your neck is an iron sinew and your forehead brass,
Because I knew that - Obstinate, thou wast, - And, a sinew of iron, was thy neck, And thy brow, brazen,
For I knew that thou art stubborn, and thy neck is as an iron sinew, and thy forehead as brass.
Because I know that you are obstinate, and your neck is an iron sinew and your forehead brass,
From my knowing that thou art obstinate, And a sinew of iron thy neck, And thy forehead brass,
"Because I know that you are obstinate, And your neck is an iron sinew And your forehead bronze,
Contextual Overview
Bible Verse Review
from Treasury of Scripure Knowledge
I knew: Isaiah 46:12, Psalms 78:8, Zechariah 7:11, Zechariah 7:12
obstinate: Heb. hard, Jeremiah 5:3, Ezekiel 3:4-7, Daniel 5:20, Romans 2:5, Hebrews 3:13, and they, Exodus 32:9, Exodus 33:3, Exodus 33:5, Deuteronomy 10:16, Deuteronomy 31:27, 2 Kings 17:14, 2 Chronicles 30:8, 2 Chronicles 36:13, Nehemiah 9:16, Nehemiah 9:17, Nehemiah 9:28, Psalms 75:5, Proverbs 29:1, Jeremiah 7:26, Jeremiah 19:15, Zechariah 7:12, Acts 7:51
thy brow: Jeremiah 3:3, Ezekiel 3:7-9
Reciprocal: Exodus 9:7 - the heart Exodus 34:9 - stiffnecked Deuteronomy 2:30 - obstinate Deuteronomy 9:6 - a stiffnecked Job 40:18 - General Job 41:24 - as hard Ecclesiastes 8:3 - stand Isaiah 9:9 - in the pride Isaiah 43:12 - declared Isaiah 48:8 - I knew Jeremiah 17:23 - they obeyed Jeremiah 44:5 - they Ezekiel 2:4 - they Ezekiel 11:19 - I will take Ezekiel 22:18 - brass Amos 6:12 - horses
Cross-References
I will make of you a great nation, I will bless you, and I will make your name great; and you are to be a blessing.
I will give you and your descendants after you the land in which you are now foreigners, all the land of Kena‘an, as a permanent possession; and I will be their God."
The slave born in your house and the person bought with your money must be circumcised; thus my covenant will be in your flesh as an everlasting covenant.
I will most certainly bless you; and I will most certainly increase your descendants to as many as there are stars in the sky or grains of sand on the seashore. Your descendants will possess the cities of their enemies,
I will make your descendants as numerous as the stars in the sky, I will give all these lands to your descendants, and by your descendants all the nations of the earth will bless themselves.
May El Shaddai bless you, make you fruitful and increase your descendants, until they become a whole assembly of peoples.
Please! Rescue me from my brother ‘Esav! I'm afraid of him, afraid he'll come and attack me, without regard for mothers or children.
God further said to him, "I am El Shaddai. Be fruitful and multiply. A nation, indeed a group of nations, will come from you; kings will be descended from you.
He said, "I am God, the God of your father. Don't be afraid to go down to Egypt. It is there that I will make you into a great nation.
Isra'el lived in the land of Egypt seventeen years. They acquired possessions in it and were productive, and their numbers multiplied greatly. Haftarah Vayigash: Yechezk'el (Ezekiel) 37:15–28 B'rit Hadashah suggested reading for Parashah Vayigash: Acts 7:9–16 (specifically vv. 13–15) Ya‘akov lived in the land of Egypt seventeen years; thus Ya‘akov lived to be 147 years old. The time came when Isra'el was approaching death; so he called for his son Yosef and said to him, "If you truly love me, please put your hand under my thigh and pledge that, out of consideration for me, you will not bury me in Egypt. Rather, when I sleep with my fathers, you are to carry me out of Egypt and bury me where they are buried." He replied, "I will do as you have said." He said, "Swear it to me," and he swore to him. Then Isra'el bowed down at the head of his bed.
Gill's Notes on the Bible
Because I knew that thou art obstinate,.... Or "hard" a, hard hearted, an obdurate and rebellious people, contradicting and gainsaying:
and thy neck is as an iron sinew; stiffnecked, inflexible, not compliant with the will of God, and his commands; unwilling to admit his yoke, and bear it:
and thy brow brass; impudent, not ashamed of sin, nor blushing at it, refusing to receive correction for it, having a whore's forehead. This the Lord knew and foreknew, and therefore declared before hand what would come to pass unto them; who otherwise would have had the assurance to have ascribed them to themselves, or their idols, and not to him.
a כי קשה אתה "quod durus tu es", Pagninus, Montanus; "te durum esse", Junius & Tremellius, Piscator, Vitringa.
Barnes' Notes on the Bible
Because I knew that thou art obstinate - I made these frequent predictions, and fulfilled them in this striking manner, because I knew that as a people, you were prone to unbelief, and in order that you might have the most full and undoubted demonstration of the truth of what was declared. As they were disinclined to credit his promises, and as he saw that in their long captivity they would be prone to disbelieve what he had said respecting their deliverance under Cyrus, he had, therefore, given them these numerous evidences of the certainty of the fulfillment of all his prophecies, in order that their minds might credit what he said about their return to their own land.
That thou art obstinate - Margin, as Hebrew, ‘Hard,’ The sense is, that they were obstinate and intractable - an expression probably taken from a bullock which refuses to receive the yoke. The word hard, as expressive of obstinacy, is often combined with others. Thus, in Exodus 32:9; Exodus 34:9, ‘hard of neck,’ that is, stiff-necked, stubborn; ‘hard of face’ Ezekiel 2:4; ‘hard of heart’ Ezekiel 3:7. The idea is, that they were, as a people, obstinate, rebellious, and indisposed to submit to the laws of God - a charge which is often brought against them by the sacred writers, and which is abundantly verified by all their history as a people (compare Exodus 32:9; Exodus 33:3-5; Exodus 34:9; Deuteronomy 9:6-13; Deuteronomy 31:27; 2 Chronicles 30:8; Ezekiel 2:4; Acts 7:51).
Thy neck is an iron sinew - The word גיד giyd means properly a cord, thong, or band; then a nerve, sinew, muscle, or tendon. The metaphor is taken from oxen when they make their neck stiff, and refuse to submit it to the yoke.
And thy brow brass - Thy forehead is hard and insensible as brass. The phrase is applied to the shameless brow of a harloi Jeremiah 3:3; Ezekiel 3:7, where there is an utter want of modesty, and consummate impudence. A brow of brass is an image of insensibility, or obstinacy (so in Jeremiah 6:28).
