Romans 1:31

Amplified Bible

without understanding, untrustworthy, unloving, unmerciful [without pity].

Parallel Translations

Easy-to-Read Version
they are foolish, they don't keep their promises, and they show no kindness or mercy to others.

Revised Standard Version
foolish, faithless, heartless, ruthless.

Tyndale New Testament (1525)
with out vnderstondinge covenaunte breakers vnlovinge trucebreakers and merciles.

Hebrew Names Version
without understanding, covenant-breakers, without natural affection, unforgiving, unmerciful;

International Standard Version
foolish, faithless, heartless, ruthless.

New American Standard Bible
without understanding, untrustworthy, unfeeling, and unmerciful;

New Century Version
They are foolish, they do not keep their promises, and they show no kindness or mercy to others.

Update Bible Version
without understanding, covenant-breakers, without natural affection, unmerciful:

Webster's Bible Translation
Without understanding, covenant-breakers, without natural affection, implacable, unmerciful:

English Standard Version
foolish, faithless, heartless, ruthless.

World English Bible
without understanding, covenant-breakers, without natural affection, unforgiving, unmerciful;

Wesley's New Testament (1755)
Without understanding, covenant-breakers, without natural affection, implacable, unmerciful.

Weymouth's New Testament
faithless to their promises, without natural affection, without human pity.

Wycliffe Bible (1395)
vnwise, vnmanerli, withouten loue, withouten boond of pees, with outen merci.

English Revised Version
without understanding, covenant-breakers, without natural affection, unmerciful:

Berean Standard Bible
They are senseless, faithless, heartless, merciless.

Contemporary English Version
They are stupid, unreliable, and don't have any love or pity for others.

American Standard Version
without understanding, covenant-breakers, without natural affection, unmerciful:

Bible in Basic English
Without knowledge, not true to their undertakings, unkind, having no mercy:

Complete Jewish Bible
they are brainless, faithless, heartless and ruthless.

Darby Translation
void of understanding, faithless, without natural affection, unmerciful;

Etheridge Translation
(men) to whom a compact is nothing, and (who) neither love peace nor (have) mercy in them; who,

Murdock Translation
and to whom a covenant is nothing, neither affection, nor peace, and in whom is no compassion.

King James Version (1611)
Without vnderstanding, couenant breakers, without naturall affection, implacable, vnmercifull;

New Living Translation
They refuse to understand, break their promises, are heartless, and have no mercy.

New Life Bible
They are not able to understand. They do not do what they say they will do. They have no love and no loving-pity.

New Revised Standard
foolish, faithless, heartless, ruthless.

Geneva Bible (1587)
without vnderstanding, couenant breakers, without naturall affection, such as can neuer be appeased, mercilesse.

George Lamsa Translation
These have no respect for a covenant. They know neither love nor peace, nor is there mercy in them;

J.B. Rotherham Emphasized Bible
Without discernment, regardless of covenants, without natural affection, unmerciful: -

Douay-Rheims Bible
Foolish, dissolute: without affection, without fidelity, without mercy.

Bishop's Bible (1568)
Without vnderstandyng, couenaunt breakers, without naturall affection, truice breakers, vnmercyfull.

Good News Translation
they have no conscience; they do not keep their promises, and they show no kindness or pity for others.

Christian Standard Bible®
senseless, untrustworthy, unloving, and unmerciful.

King James Version
Without understanding, covenantbreakers, without natural affection, implacable, unmerciful:

Lexham English Bible
senseless, faithless, unfeeling, unmerciful,

Literal Translation
without discernment, covenant breakers, without natural affection, unforgiving, unmerciful,

Young's Literal Translation
unintelligent, faithless, without natural affection, implacable, unmerciful;

Miles Coverdale Bible (1535)
without vnderstondinge, couenaunt breakers, vnlouynge, stubborne, vnmercifull:

Mace New Testament (1729)
fidelity, and natural affection; implacable, and unmerciful:

New English Translation
senseless, covenant-breakers, heartless, ruthless.

New King James Version
undiscerning, untrustworthy, unloving, unforgiving, [fn] unmerciful;

Simplified Cowboy Version
They refuse to listen, go back on their word, and not only are they heartless, they have no pity for anyone.

New American Standard Bible (1995)
without understanding, untrustworthy, unloving, unmerciful;

Legacy Standard Bible
without understanding, untrustworthy, unloving, unmerciful;

Contextual Overview

¹⁹because that which is known about God is evident within them [in their inner consciousness], for God made it evident to them. ²⁰For ever since the creation of the world His invisible attributes, His eternal power and divine nature, have been clearly seen, being understood through His workmanship [all His creation, the wonderful things that He has made], so that they [who fail to believe and trust in Him] are without excuse and without defense. ²¹For even though they knew God [as the Creator], they did not honor Him as God or give thanks [for His wondrous creation]. On the contrary, they became worthless in their thinking [godless, with pointless reasonings, and silly speculations], and their foolish heart was darkened. ²²Claiming to be wise, they became fools, ²³and exchanged the glory and majesty and excellence of the immortal God for an image [worthless idols] in the shape of mortal man and birds and four-footed animals and reptiles. ²⁴Therefore God gave them over in the lusts of their own hearts to [sexual] impurity, so that their bodies would be dishonored among them [abandoning them to the degrading power of sin], ²⁵because [by choice] they exchanged the truth of God for a lie, and worshiped and served the creature rather than the Creator, who is blessed forever! Amen. ²⁶For this reason God gave them over to degrading and vile passions; for their women exchanged the natural function for that which is unnatural [a function contrary to nature], ²⁷and in the same way also the men turned away from the natural function of the woman and were consumed with their desire toward one another, men with men committing shameful acts and in return receiving in their own bodies the inevitable and appropriate penalty for their wrongdoing. ²⁸And since they did not see fit to acknowledge God or consider Him worth knowing [as their Creator], God gave them over to a depraved mind, to do things which are improper and repulsive,

Bible Verse Review
  from Treasury of Scripure Knowledge

Without understanding: Romans 1:20, Romans 1:21, Romans 3:11, Proverbs 18:2, Isaiah 27:11, Jeremiah 4:22, Matthew 15:16

covenantbreakers: 2 Kings 18:14-37, Isaiah 33:8, 2 Timothy 3:3

without natural affection: or, unsociable

Reciprocal: Genesis 21:27 - made Genesis 45:14 - General Joshua 2:12 - my father's Joshua 9:20 - lest wrath Judges 9:29 - would to God 1 Kings 3:26 - give her 1 Kings 15:19 - break thy league 2 Chronicles 16:3 - break Job 39:16 - as Isaiah 49:15 - they may Lamentations 4:3 - like Ezekiel 16:45 - that loatheth Ezekiel 17:16 - whose oath Hosea 10:4 - swearing Ephesians 5:29 - hated

Cross-References

Genesis 1:1
In the beginning God (Elohim) created [by forming from nothing] the heavens and the earth.

Genesis 1:2
The earth was formless and void or a waste and emptiness, and darkness was upon the face of the deep [primeval ocean that covered the unformed earth]. The Spirit of God was moving (hovering, brooding) over the face of the waters.

Genesis 1:5
And God called the light day, and the darkness He called night. And there was evening and there was morning, one day.

Genesis 1:8
God called the expanse [of sky] heaven. And there was evening and there was morning, a second day.

Genesis 1:13
And there was evening and there was morning, a third day.

Genesis 1:19
And there was evening and there was morning, a fourth day.

Genesis 1:23
And there was evening and there was morning, a fifth day.

Genesis 2:2
And by the seventh day God completed His work which He had done, and He rested (ceased) on the seventh day from all His work which He had done.

Exodus 20:11
"For in six days the LORD made the heavens and the earth, the sea and everything that is in them, and He rested (ceased) on the seventh day. That is why the LORD blessed the Sabbath day and made it holy [that is, set it apart for His purposes].

Job 38:7
When the morning stars sang together And all the sons of God (angels) shouted for joy?

Gill's Notes on the Bible

Without understanding,.... Of God, of his nature and worship, of things divine and even moral, being given up to a reprobate mind:

covenant breakers; had no regard to private or public contracts:

without natural affection; to their parents, children, relations and friends:

implacable; when once offended there was no reconciling of them:

unmerciful; had no pity and compassion to persons in distress.

Barnes' Notes on the Bible

Without understanding - Inconsiderate, or foolish; see Romans 1:21-22.

Covenant breakers - Perfidious; false to their contracts.

Without natural affections - This expression denotes the lack of affectionate regard toward their children. The attachment of parents to children is one of the strongest in nature, and nothing can overcome it but the most confirmed and established wickedness. And yet the apostle charges on the pagan generally the lack of this affection. He doubtless refers here to the practice so common among pagans of exposing their children, or putting them to death. This crime, so abhorrent to all the feelings of humanity, was common among the pagan, and is still. The Canaanites, we are told Psalms 106:37-38, “sacrificed their sons and their daughters unto devils, and shed innocent blood, even the blood of their sons and their daughters, whom they sacrificed unto the idols of Canaan.” Manasseh among the Jews imitated their example, and introduced the horrid custom of sacrificing children to Moloch, and set the example by offering his own; 2 Chronicles 33:6.

Among the ancient Persians it was a common custom to bury children alive. In most of the Grecian states, infanticide was not merely permitted, but actually enforced by law. The Spartan lawgiver expressly ordained that every child that was born should be examined by the ancient men of the tribe, and that if found weak or deformed, should be thrown into a deep cavern at the foot of Mount Taygetus. Aristotle, in his work on government, enjoins the exposure of children that are naturally feeble and deformed, in order to prevent an excess of population. But among all the nations of antiquity, the Romans were the most unrelenting in their treatment of infants. Romulus obliged the citizens to bring up all their male children, and the oldest of the females, proof that the others were to be destroyed. The Roman father had an absolute right over the life of his child, and we have abundant proof that that right was often exercised.

Romulus expressly authorized the destruction of all children that were deformed, only requiring the parents to exhibit them to their five nearest neighbors, and to obtain their consent to their death. The law of the Twelve Tables enacted in the 301st year of Rome, sanctioned the same barbarous practice. Minucius Felix thus describes the barbarity of the Romans in this respect: “I see you exposing your infants to wild beasts and birds, or strangling them after the most miserable manner.” (chapter xxx.) Pliny the older defends the right of parents to destroy their children, upon the ground of its being necessary in order to preserve the population within proper bounds. Tertullian, in his apology, expresses himself boldly on this subject. “How many of you (addressing himself to the Roman people, and to the governors of cities and provinces) might I deservedly charge with infant murder; and not only so, but among the different kinds of death, for choosing some of the cruelest for their own children, such as drowning, or starving with cold or hunger, or exposing to the mercy of dogs; dying by the sword being too sweet a death for children.”

Nor was this practice arrested in the Roman government until the time of Constantine, the first Christian prince. The Phoenicians and Carthaginians were in the habit of sacrificing infants to the gods. It may be added that the crime is no less common among modern pagan nations. No less than 9000 children are exposed in Pekin in China annually. Persons are employed by the police to go through the city with carts every morning to pick up all the children that may have been thrown out during the night. The bodies are carried to a common pit without the walls of the city, into which all, whether dead or living, are promiscuously thrown. (Barrow’s Travels in China, p. 113, Amos ed.) Among the Hindus the practice is perhaps still more common. In the provinces of Cutch and Guzerat alone the number of infantile murders amounted, according to the lowest calculation in 1807, to 3,000 annually; according to another calculation, to 30,000.

Females are almost the only victims. (Buchanan’s Researches in Asia, Eng. ed. p. 49. Ward’s View of the Hindus.) In Otaheite, previously to the conversion of the people to Christianity. it was estimated that at least two-thirds of the children were destroyed. (Turnbull’s Voyage round the World in 1800, 2, 3, and 4.) The natives of New South Wales were in the habit of burying the child with its mother, if she should happen to die. (Collins’ Account of the Colony of New South Wales, p. 124, 125.) Among the Hottentots, infanticide is a common crime. “The altars of the Mexicans were continually drenched in the blood of infants.” In Peru, no less than two hundred infants were sacrificed on occasion of the coronation of the Inca. The authority for these melancholy statements may be seen in Beck’s Medical Jurisprudence, vol. i. 18-197, ed. 1823; see also Robertson’s History of America, p. 221, ed. 1821. This is a specimen of the views and feelings of the pagan world; and the painful narrative might be continued to almost any length. After this statement, it cannot surely be deemed a groundless charge when the apostle accused them of being destitute of natural affection.

Implacable - This word properly denotes those who will not be reconciled where there is a quarrel; or who pursue the offender with unyielding revenge. It denotes an unforgiving temper; and was doubtless common among the ancients, as it is among all pagan people. The aborigines of America have given the most striking manifestation of this that the world has known. It is well known that among them, neither time nor distance will obliterate the memory of an offence; and that the avenger will pursue the offender over hills and streams, and through heat or snow, happy if he may at last, though at the expiration of years, bury the tomahawk in the head of his victim, though it may be at the expense of his own life. See Robertson’s America, book iv. Section lxxiii. - lxxxi.

Unmerciful - Destitute of compassion. As a proof of this, we may remark that no provisions for the poor or the infirm were made among the pagan. The sick and the infirm were cast out, and doomed to depend on the stinted charity of individuals. Pure religion, only, opens the heart to the appeals of want; and nothing but Christianity has yet expanded the hearts of people to make public provisions for the poor, the ignorant, and the afflicted.

Clarke's Notes on the Bible

Verse 31. Without understanding — ασυνετους, from α, negative, and συνετος, knowing; persons incapable of comprehending what was spoken; destitute of capacity for spiritual things.

Covenant - breakers — ασυνθετους, from α, negative, and συντιθημυι, to make an agreement; persons who could be bound by no oath, because, properly speaking, they had no God to witness or avenge their misconduct. As every covenant, or agreement, is made as in the presence of God, so he that opposes the being and doctrine of God is incapable of being bound by any covenant; he can give no pledge for his conduct.

Without natural affection — αστοργους; without that attachment which nature teaches the young of all animals to have to their mothers, and the mothers to have for their young. The heathens, in general, have made no scruple to expose the children they did not think proper to bring up, and to despatch their parents when they were grown old or past labour.

Implacable — ασπονδους, from α, negative; and σπονδη, A LIBATION. It was customary among all nations to pour out wine as a libation to their gods, when making a treaty. This was done to appease the angry gods, and reconcile them to the contracting parties. The word here shows a deadly enmity; the highest pitch of an unforgiving spirit; in a word, persons who would not make reconciliation either to God or man.

Unmerciful — ανελεημονας; those who were incapable, through the deep-rooted wickedness of their own nature, of showing mercy to an enemy when brought under their power, or doing any thing for the necessitous, from the principle of benevolence or commiseration.