Study Desk

Saul commanded him, "Tell me what you did."^(ah) Jonathan told him, "I tasted a little honey^(ai) with the end of the staff I was carrying. I am ready to die!"

Saul declared to him, "May God punish me and do so severely^(aj) if you do not die, Jonathan!"

But the people said to Saul, "Must Jonathan die, who accomplished such a great deliverance for Israel? No, as the Lord lives, not a hair of his head will fall to the ground,^(ak) for he worked with God's help today."^(al) So the people redeemed Jonathan, and he did not die.

Then Saul gave up the pursuit of the Philistines, and the Philistines returned to their own territory.

When Saul assumed the kingship over Israel, he fought against all his enemies in every direction: against Moab, the Ammonites,^(am) Edom, the kings of Zobah,^(an) and the Philistines. Wherever he turned, he caused havoc.^[m]

He fought bravely, defeated the Amalekites,^(ao) and delivered Israel from the hand of those who plundered them.

Saul's sons^(ap) were Jonathan, Ishvi, and Malchishua. The names of his two daughters were: Merab,^(aq) his firstborn, and Michal,^(ar) the younger.

The name of Saul's wife was Ahinoam daughter of Ahimaaz. The name of the commander of his army was Abner son of Saul's uncle Ner.^(as)

Saul's father was Kish.^(at) Abner's father was Ner son of Abiel.

The conflict with the Philistines was fierce all of Saul's days, so whenever Saul noticed any strong or brave man, he enlisted him.^(au)

Samuel told Saul, "The Lord sent me to anoint you as king over His people Israel.^(a) Now, listen to the words of the Lord .

This is what the Lord of Hosts says: ‘I witnessed^[a] what the Amalekites did to the Israelites when they opposed them along the way as they were coming out of Egypt.^(b)

Now go and attack the Amalekites and completely destroy everything they have.^(c) Do not spare them. Kill men and women, children and infants, oxen and sheep, camels and donkeys.'"^(d)

Then Saul summoned the troops and counted them at Telaim: 200,000 foot soldiers and 10,000 men from Judah.

Saul came to the city of Amalek and set up an ambush in the wadi.

He warned the Kenites,^(e) "Since you showed kindness to all the Israelites when they came out of Egypt,^(f) go on and leave! Get away from the Amalekites, or I'll sweep you away with them." So the Kenites withdrew from the Amalekites.

Then Saul struck down the Amalekites^(g) from Havilah^(h) all the way to Shur,⁽ⁱ⁾ which is next to Egypt.

He captured Agag^(j) king of Amalek alive, but he completely destroyed all the rest of the people with the sword.^(k)

Saul and the troops spared Agag, and the best of the sheep, cattle, and choice animals,^[b] as well as the young rams and the best of everything else. They were not willing to destroy them, but they did destroy all the worthless and unwanted things.

Then the word of the Lord came to Samuel,

"I regret that I made Saul king,^(l) for he has turned away from following Me and has not carried out My instructions."^(m) So Samuel became angry and cried out to the Lord all night.⁽ⁿ⁾

Early in the morning Samuel got up to confront Saul, but it was reported to Samuel, "Saul went to Carmel^(o) where he set up a monument for himself. Then he turned around and went down to Gilgal."^(p)

When Samuel came to him, Saul said, "May the Lord bless you.^(q) I have carried out the Lord 's instructions."

Samuel replied, "Then what is this sound of sheep^[c] and cattle I hear?"

Saul answered, "The troops brought them from the Amalekites and spared the best sheep and cattle in order to offer a sacrifice to the Lord your God,^(r) but the rest we destroyed."^(s)

"Stop!" exclaimed Samuel. "Let me tell you what the Lord said to me last night." "Tell me," he replied.

Samuel continued, "Although you once considered yourself unimportant,^(t) have you not become the leader of the tribes of Israel? The Lord anointed you king over Israel

and then sent you on a mission and said: ‘Go and completely destroy the sinful Amalekites. Fight against them until you have annihilated them.'

So why didn't you obey the Lord ? Why did you rush on the plunder^(u) and do what was evil in the Lord 's sight?"

"But I did obey the Lord !" Saul answered.^[d] "I went on the mission the Lord gave me: I brought back Agag, king of Amalek, and I completely destroyed the Amalekites.

The troops took sheep and cattle from the plunder—the best of what was set apart for destruction—to sacrifice to the Lord your God at Gilgal."^(v)

Then Samuel said: Does the Lord ^(w) take pleasure in burnt offerings and sacrifices as much as in obeying the Lord ? Look: to obey is better than sacrifice, to pay attention is better than the fat of rams.^(x)

For rebellion is like the sin of divination,^(y) and defiance is like wickedness^(z) and idolatry. Because you have rejected the word of the Lord , He has rejected you as king.^(aa)

Saul answered Samuel, "I have sinned.^(ab) I have transgressed the Lord 's command^(ac) and your words. Because I was afraid of the people, I obeyed them.

Now therefore, please forgive my sin^(ad) and return with me so I can worship the Lord ."

Samuel replied to Saul, "I will not return with you. Because you rejected the word of the Lord ,^(ae) the Lord has rejected you from being king over Israel."

When Samuel turned to go, Saul grabbed the hem of his robe, and it tore.

Samuel said to him, "The Lord has torn the kingship of Israel away from you today^(af) and has given it to your neighbor who is better than you.^(ag)

Furthermore, the Eternal One of Israel^(ah) does not lie or change His mind, for He is not man who changes his mind."^(ai)

Saul said, "I have sinned. Please honor me^(aj) now before the elders of my people and before Israel. Come back with me so I can bow in worship to the Lord your God."^(ak)

Then Samuel went back, following Saul, and Saul bowed down to the Lord .

Samuel said, "Bring me Agag king of Amalek." Agag came to him trembling,^[e] for he thought, "Certainly the bitterness of death has come."^[f][g]

Samuel declared: As your sword has made women childless, so your mother will be childless among women.^(al) Then he hacked Agag to pieces before the Lord at Gilgal.

Samuel went to Ramah,^(am) and Saul went up to his home in Gibeah^(an) of Saul.

Even to the day of his death, Samuel never again visited Saul.^(ao) Samuel mourned for Saul,^(ap) and the Lord regretted He had made Saul king over Israel.

The Lord said to Samuel, "How long are you going to mourn for Saul,^(a) since I have rejected him as king over Israel?^(b) Fill your horn with oil^(c) and go. I am sending you to Jesse of Bethlehem^(d) because I have selected a king from his sons."

Samuel asked, "How can I go? Saul will hear about it and kill me!" The Lord answered, "Take a young cow with you and say, ‘I have come to sacrifice to the Lord .'^(e)

Then invite Jesse to the sacrifice, and I will let you know what you are to do.^(f) You are to anoint for Me the one I indicate to you."^(g)

Samuel did what the Lord directed and went to Bethlehem.^(h) When the elders of the town met him, they trembled^[a] and asked, "Do^[b] you come in peace?"⁽ⁱ⁾

"In peace," he replied. "I've come to sacrifice to the Lord . Consecrate yourselves^(j) and come with me to the sacrifice."^[c] Then he consecrated Jesse and his sons and invited them to the sacrifice.

When they arrived, Samuel saw Eliab^(k) and said, "Certainly the Lord 's anointed one is here before Him."

But the Lord said to Samuel, "Do not look at his appearance or his stature, because I have rejected him. Man does not see what the Lord sees,^[d] for man sees what is visible,^[e] but the Lord sees the heart."^(l)

Jesse called Abinadab^(m) and presented him to Samuel. "The Lord hasn't chosen this one either," Samuel said.

Then Jesse presented Shammah,⁽ⁿ⁾ but Samuel said, "The Lord hasn't chosen this one either."

After Jesse presented seven of his sons to him, Samuel told Jesse, "The Lord hasn't chosen any of these."

Samuel asked him, "Are these all the sons you have?" "There is still the youngest,"^(o) he answered, "but right now he's tending the sheep." Samuel told Jesse, "Send for him. We won't sit down to eat until he gets here."

So Jesse sent for him. He had beautiful eyes and a healthy,^[f] handsome appearance.^(p) Then the Lord said, "Anoint him, for he is the one."^(q)

So Samuel took the horn of oil, anointed him^(r) in the presence of his brothers, and the Spirit of the Lord took control of David from that day forward.^(s) Then Samuel set out and went to Ramah.

Now the Spirit of the Lord had left Saul,^(t) and an evil spirit sent from the Lord began to torment him,

so Saul's servants said to him, "You see that an evil spirit from God is tormenting you.

Let our lord command your servants here in your presence to look for someone who knows how to play the lyre. Whenever the evil spirit from God troubles you, that person can play the lyre, and you will feel better."^(u)

Then Saul commanded his servants, "Find me someone who plays well and bring him to me."

One of the young men answered, "I have seen a son of Jesse of Bethlehem who knows how to play the lyre. He is also a valiant man,^(v) a warrior, eloquent, handsome, and the Lord is with him."^(w)

Then Saul dispatched messengers to Jesse and said, "Send me your son David, who is with the sheep."

So Jesse took a donkey loaded with bread, a skin of wine, and one young goat and sent them by his son David to Saul.^(x)

When David came to Saul^(y) and entered his service, Saul admired him greatly, and David became his armor-bearer.

Then Saul sent word to Jesse: "Let David remain in my service, for I am pleased with him."

Whenever the spirit from God troubled Saul,^(z) David would pick up his lyre and play, and Saul would then be relieved, feel better, and the evil spirit would leave him.

The Philistines^(a) gathered their forces for war at Socoh in Judah and camped between Socoh^(b) and Azekah^(c) in Ephes-dammim.^(d)

Saul and the men of Israel gathered and camped in the Valley of Elah;^(e) then they lined up in battle formation to face the Philistines.

The Philistines were standing on one hill, and the Israelites were standing on another hill with a ravine between them.

Then a champion named Goliath, from Gath,^(f) came out from the Philistine camp. He was nine feet, nine inches tall^[a][b]

and wore a bronze helmet^[c] and bronze scale armor that weighed 125 pounds.^[d]

There was bronze armor on his shins, and a bronze sword^(g) was slung between his shoulders.

His spear shaft^(h) was like a weaver's beam, and the iron point of his spear weighed 15 pounds.^[e] In addition, a shield-bearer⁽ⁱ⁾ was walking in front of him.

He stood and shouted to the Israelite battle formations: "Why do you come out to line up in battle formation?" He asked them, "Am I not a Philistine and are you not servants of Saul?^(j) Choose one of your men and have him come down against me.

If he wins in a fight against me and kills me, we will be your servants. But if I win against him and kill him, then you will be our servants and serve us."^(k)

Then the Philistine said, "I defy the ranks of Israel today.^(l) Send me a man so we can fight each other!"

When Saul and all Israel heard these words from the Philistine, they lost their courage and were terrified.

Now David was the son of the Ephrathite^(m) from Bethlehem of Judah named Jesse. Jesse had eight sons⁽ⁿ⁾ and during Saul's reign was already an old man.

Jesse's three oldest sons had followed Saul to the war, and their names^(o) were Eliab, the firstborn, Abinadab, the next, and Shammah, the third,

and David was the youngest.^(p) The three oldest had followed Saul,

but David kept going back and forth from Saul^(q) to tend his father's flock in Bethlehem.

Every morning and evening for 40 days the Philistine came forward and took his stand.

One day Jesse had told his son David: "Take this half-bushel^[f] of roasted grain along with these 10 loaves of bread^(r) for your brothers and hurry to their camp.

Also take these 10 portions of cheese to the field commander.^[g] Check on the welfare of your brothers^(s) and bring a confirmation from them.

They are with Saul and all the men of Israel in the Valley of Elah fighting with the Philistines."

So David got up early in the morning, left the flock with someone to keep it, loaded up, and set out as Jesse had instructed him. He arrived at the perimeter of the camp^(t) as the army was marching out to its battle formation shouting their battle cry.

Israel and the Philistines lined up in battle formation facing each other.

David left his supplies in the care of the quartermaster^(u) and ran to the battle line. When he arrived, he asked his brothers how they were.

While he was speaking with them, suddenly the champion named Goliath, the Philistine from Gath, came forward from the Philistine battle line and shouted his usual words,^(v) which David heard.

When all the Israelite men saw Goliath, they retreated from him terrified.

Previously, an Israelite man had declared: "Do you see this man who keeps coming out? He comes to defy Israel. The king will make the man who kills him very rich and will give him his daughter.^(w) The king will also make the household of that man's father exempt from paying taxes in Israel."^(x)