Bible Lexicons

Ἰάκωβος, Ἰακώβου, ὁ (see the preceding word (and cf. Buttmann, 6, 18 (16))), James;

1. son of Zebedee, an apostle, and brother of the apostle John (commonly called James the greater or elder). He was slain with the sword by the command of king Herod Agrippa I. (circa A.D. 44): Matthew 4:21; Matthew 10:2 (); ; Mark 1:19, 29; Mark 3:17; Mark 5:37; Mark 9:2; Mark 10:35, 41; Mark 13:3; Mark 14:33; Luke 5:10; Luke 6:14; Luke 8:51; Luke 9:28, 54; Acts 1:13; Acts 12:2.

2. James (commonly called the less), an apostle, son of Alphaeus: Matthew 10:3; Mark 3:18; Luke 6:15; Acts 1:13; apparently identical with Ἰάκωβος ὁ μικρός James the little (A. V. the less), the son of Mary, Mark 15:40 (Matthew 27:56); , wife of Cleophas (i. e. Clopas, which see) or Alphaeus, John 19:25; see in Ἁλφαῖος, and in Μαρία, 3.

3. James, the brother of our Lord (see ἀδελφός, 1): Matthew 13:55; Mark 6:3; Galatians 1:19 (where εἰ μή is employed according to a usage illustrated under εἰ, III. 8 c. β'.); ; Acts 12:1?; ; 1 Corinthians 15:7 (?); James 1:1, the leader of the Jewish Christians, and by them surnamed ὁ δίκαιος the Just, the overseer (or bishop) of the church at Jerusalem down to the year 62 or 63 (or according to Hegesippus in Eusebius, h. e. 2, 23 (translated in B. D., p. 1206) down to 69, which is hardly probable (see Heinichen's note at the passage)), in which year he suffered martyrdom, Josephus, Antiquities 20, 9, 1. In opposition to the orthodox opinion (defended in B. D. under the word ), which identifies this James with James the son of Alphaeus, and understands ὁ ἀδελφός τοῦ κυρίου to mean his cousin, cf. especially Clemen in Winer's Zeitschr. f. wissensch. Theol. for 1829, p. 351ff; Blom, Diss. de τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς ... τοῦ κυρίου. Lugd. 1839; Wilib. Grimm in Ersch u. Gruber's Encycl., Sect. 2, vol. 23, p. 80ff; Schaff, Das Verhältniss des Jacobus, Bruders des Herrn, zu Jacobus Alphäi. Beth 1842 (also his Church Hist. (1882) i., 272f); Hilgenfeld, Galaterbrief etc., p. 138ff; Hausrath in Sehenkel iii., p. 175ff; (Sieffert in Herzog edition 2, vi., 464ff; and references under the word ἀδελφός, 1 (especially Lightfoot)).

4. An unknown James, father of the apostle Judas (or Jude): Luke 6:16; Acts 1:13, according to the opinion of those interpreters who think that not ἀδελφόν but υἱόν must be supplied in the phrase Ιουδαν Ἰακώβου; see Ἰούδας, 8.