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Bible Encyclopedias
Typography
The 1901 Jewish Encyclopedia
The art of printing. The invention of printing was welcomed by the Jews as "the art of writing with many pens." From the time of the earlier printers reference is made to their craft as "holy work" ("'Abodat ha-Ḳodesh"). It may here be treated under the two headings of history and characteristics.
I. History:
The history of Hebrew printing is divided into five stages, of which only a sketch can be attempted in this place, many of the details being already treated under the names of prominent printers or presses. The five stages of Hebrew typography are as follows: I., 1475-1500, incunabula in southern Europe; II., 1500-42, spread to north and east; III., 1542-1627, supremacy of Venice; IV., 1627-1732, hegemony of Amsterdam; V., 1732-1900, modern period, in which Frankfort, Vienna, and, more recently, Wilna and Warsaw have come to the front. For the most part Hebrew printing has been done by Jews, but the printing of Bibles has been undertaken also by Christian typographers, especially at the university towns of Europe. These productions, for lack of space, are for the most part to be neglected in the following sketch.
Incunabula.
- (1475-1500): It was twenty years before the Jews made use of the art for Hebrew printing, as the conditions in Germany did not admit of their doing so there; and all the Hebrew printing of the fifteenth century was done in the Italian and Iberian peninsulas, where about 100 works were produced before 1500. Hebrew printing began in Italy; and apart from Reggio di Calabria, where the first printed book was produced in 1475, and Rome, where possibly the earliest Hebrew press was set up, printing was centered about Mantua, where it began in 1477. In the same year Ferrara and Bologna started printing. The chief printer family of Italy was that of the Soncinos, which besides working at Mantua printed at Casale-Maggiore, Soncino, Brescia, Naples, and Barca. Bible, Talmud, and ritual, halakic, and ethical works naturally formed the chief subjects of printing in these early days. In Spain, Hebrew printing began at Guadalajara in 1482, went three years later to Ixar, and finished at Zamora, while in Portugal it began at Faro in 1487, went to Lisbon in 1489, and finished at Leiria in 1792. The total number of books printed in Spain and Portugal amounted to only 17. The early types were rough in form; but the presswork for the most part was excellent, and the ink and paper were of very enduring quality. Owing to the work of the censor and the persecution of the Jews, the early productions of the Hebrew presses of Italy and the Iberian Peninsula are extremely rare, one-fifth of them being unique (for further particulars see INCUNABULA).
Second Period.
- (1500-42): This period is distinguished by the spread of Jewish presses to the Turkish and Holy Roman empires. In Constantinople, Hebrew printing was introduced by David Naḥmias and his son Samuel about 1503; and they were joined in the year 1530 by Gershon Soncino, whose work was taken up after his death by his son Eleazar (see Constantinople—Typography). Gershon Soncino put into type the first Karaite work printed (Bashyaẓi's "Adderet Eliyahu.") in 1531. In Salonica, Don Judah Gedaliah printed about 30 Hebrew works from 1500 onward, mainly Bibles, and Gershon Soncino, the Wandering Jew of early Hebrew typography, joined his kinsman Moses Soncino, who had already produced 3 works there (1526-27); Gershon printed the Aragon Maḥzor (1529) and Ḳimḥi's "Shorashim" (1533). The prints of both these Turkish citieswere not of a very high order. The works selected, however, were important for their rarity and literary character. The type of Salonica imitates the Spanish Rashi type.Turning to Germany, the first Jewish press was set up in Prague by Gershon ben Solomon Cohen, who founded in that city a family of Hebrew printers, known commonly as "the Gersonides." He began printing in 1513 with a prayer-book, and during the period under review confined himself almost exclusively to this class of publications, with which he supplied Jewish Germany and Poland. He was joined about 1518 by Ḥayyim ben David Schwartz, who played in northern Europe the same wandering rôle the Soncinos assumed in the south. From 1514 to 1526 he worked at Prague, but in 1530 he was found at Oels in Silesia, printing a Pentateuch with the Megillot and Hafṭarot. He transferred his activity to the southwest at Augsburg, where in 1533 he published Rashi on the Pentateuch and Megillot, the next year a Haggadah, in 1536 a letter-writer and German prayer-book, and in 1540 an edition of the Ṭurim, followed by rimed Judæo-German versions of Kings (1543) and Samuel (1544). In 1544 he moved to Ichenhausen, between Augsburg and Ulm, and finally settled in 1546 at Heddernheim, where he published a few works. At Augsburg, 1544, the convert Paulus Emilius printed a Judæo-German Pentateuch. Three works of this period are known to have been printed at Cracow, the first of them, in 1534, a commentary of Israel Isserlein on "Sha'are Durah" with elaborately decorated title-page.
Other towns of Germany also printed Hebrew works during this period, but they were mainly portions of the Biblical books, mostly editions of the Psalms, produced by Christian printers for Christian professors, as at Cologne (1518), Wittenberg (1521 onward), Mayence (1523), Worms (1529), and Leipsic (1538). To these should be added Thomas Anshelm's edition of the Psalms at Tübingen in 1512. It was followed by his edition of Ḳimḥi's grammar at Hagenau, 1519. With these may be mentioned the Paris printers of the sixteenth century (from 1508 onward), who produced grammars and Bibles (see Paris).
Daniel Bomberg.
Returning to the earlier home of Hebrew printing, a considerable number of towns in Italy had Hebrew presses early in the sixteenth century, mainly through the activity of Gershon Soncino, who is found in Fano (1515), Pesaro (1517), Ortona (1519), and Rimini (1521); other presses were temporarily worked in Trino, Genoa, and Rome, the last under Elijah see see Levita. In Bologna nine works were produced between 1537 and 1541, mainly prayer-books and responsa. Above all, this period is distinguished in Italy by the foundation and continuance of the Venetian press under the guidance of Daniel Bomberg, a Dutchman from Antwerp. His thirty-five years' activity from 1515 to 1549 was in a measure epoch-making for Hebrew typography. His productions shared in all the excellence of the Venice press, and included the first rabbinic Bible in 1517, the first complete edition of the Babylonian Talmud in 1520 (its pagination is followed at the present day), a large number of editions of the Bible in whole or part, several grammatical, lexicographic, and midrashic works, seven commentaries on the Pentateuch, six responsa collections, philosophical and ethical writings, and several rituals, including a Tefillah and a Maḥzor according to the Spanish rite, one according to the Greek rite (Maḥzor Romania), and a Karaite one. Finally, reference should be made to the university press of Basel, where the Frobens produced Hebrew works in a remarkably clear type, with the letters slanting to the left, somewhat after the manner of the early Mantua editions. Froben began in 1516 with an edition of the Psalms, and produced many of the works of Elijah Levita and Sebastian Münster. Altogether Schwab (in "Incunables Orientaux," pp. 49-128) enumerates about 430 works produced between 1500 and 1540. Allowing for omissions by him, not more than 600 works were produced between 1475 and 1540.
- (1542-1627): The third period is distinguished by the activity of the censor, which lasted for two centuries or more in southern and eastern Europe. The principle of regulating the books to be read by the faithful, and even by the unfaithful, was inaugurated by the Roman Curia in 1542, though the first carrying out of it was with the burning of the Talmud in 1554. But even previous to that date Jews had taken precautions to remove all cause of offense. About 1542 Meïr Katzenellenbogen censored the seliḥot of the German rite, and Schwartz adopted his changes in the edition which he published at Heddernheim in 1546.
Third Period. Supremacy of Venice.
Resuming the history of the Italian presses, that of Venice first engages attention. Bomberg was not allowed to have a monopoly of Hebrew printing, which had been found to be exceptionally profitable. Other Christians came into the field, especially Marco Antonio Giustiniani, who produced twenty-five works between 1545 and 1552. Another competitor arose in the person of Aloisio BRAGADINI, who began printing in 1550. In the competition both parties appealed to Rome; and their disputes brought about the burning of the Talmud in 1554 at Ferrara, and the strict enforcement of the censorship, even in Venice, the presses of which stopped printing Hebrew books for eight years. Similar competition appears to have taken place with regard to the Hebrew typesetters whom these Christian printers were obliged to employ. Cornelius ADELKIND and his son, German Jews of Padua, first worked with Bomberg, and then were taken over by Farri (1544), and they appear to have also worked for both Bragadini and Giustiniani. There was a whole body of learned press-revisers. Among them should be mentioned Jacob b. Ḥayyim,the editor of the rabbinic Bible, and Meïr Katzenellenbogen, who helped to edit Maimonides' "Yad" (1550). When Venice ceased for a time to issue Hebrew books, printing was taken up in Ferrara (1551-1557) by Abraham Usque, who printed the "Consolaçam" of his brother Samuel Usque (1553). In Sabbionetta (1551-59) Tobias Foa printed about twenty works, among them a very correct edition of the Targum on the Pentateuch, employing the ubiquitous Adelkind to print a fine edition of the "Moreh" and an edition of the Talmud in parts, only one of which is extant. The Sabbionetta types are said to have gone back to Venice when the Bragadinis resumed work. In Cremona a Hebrew press was set up in 1556 by Vincentio Conti, who issued altogether forty-two works up to 1560, including the first edition of the Zohar, 2,000 copies of which were saved with difficulty from the fires of the Inquisition. His first edition of Menahem Zioni's commentary was not so fortunate; notwithstanding that it had received the license of the censor, it was burnt. About thirty-three works were produced during this period at Riva di Trento by Joseph Ottolenghi under the auspices of Cardinal Madruz, whose titular hat appears upon the title-pages of the volumes.
Reverting to Venice, printing was resumed in 1564 by Giovanni de Gara, who took up the work of Bomberg, and between 1564 and 1569 produced more than 100 different works, making use of Christian as well as Jewish typesetters, among the latter being Leon of Modena in the years 1595-1601. Besides Gara there were Grippo, Georgio de Cavalli, and the Zanetti family, but none of them could compete with the activity of the Bragadinis, which was resumed about the same time. They made use of Samuel Archevolti and Leon of Modena among their typesetters. It is worthy of mention that several important works appeared at Venice from printing establishments which can not be identified, including the editio princeps of the Shulḥan 'Aruk (1565). A few works were printed at Rome (1546-81) by Antonio Bladao and Francesco Zanetti, and a couple of works in Verona by Francesco delle Donne.
The greatest activity in Italy outside Venice was that carried on at Mantua by the Rufenellis, who employed Joseph Ashkenazi and Meïr Sofer, both from Padua, as their chief typesetters. Their activity was followed by that of Ephraim b. David of Padua and Moses b. Katriel of Prague, both working in the last decade of the sixteenth century, the latter for the publishers Norzi brothers. AltogetherZunz enumerates seventy-three works produced at Mantua during the third period, including a "Sefer Yeẓirah," "Tanḥuma," Aboab's "Menorat ha-Ma'or," and an edition of Abot in Italian.
Froben and Waldkirch.
During this period the Hebrew press of Basel received new light in the advent from Italy of Israel b. Daniel Sifroni, one of those wandering master workmen who, like Soncino and Schwartz, characterized the early history of Hebrew printing. Through his workmanship a number of important works were produced by Froben of Basel between 1578 and 1584, including a Babylonian Talmud, Isaac Nathan's Concordance, and the "'Ir Gibborim," whose publisher in Prague, finding that he could not have printing done as well there as by Sifroni, sent it to the latter in Basel. In the year 1583-84 Sifroni was working for Froben at Freiburg-im-Breisgau, where he printed several Judæo-German works, including the Five Megillot with glossary in red ink; he printed also an edition of Benjamin of Tudela's "Travels." Froben's success, like that of Bomberg, induced other Christian printers to join in competition, as Guarin (for whom Sifroni also worked), Beber, and especially Conrad Waldkirch, who from 1598 on published a Great Tefillah, an 'Aruk, an Alfasi in octavo, and "Synagogue Music and Songs" by Elijah b. Moses Loans, who was for a time Waldkirch's corrector for the press. Mordecai b. Jacob of Prossnitz, who, as shown below, had had a large printing experience in the east of Europe, also assisted Waldkirch in 1622. After his departure the Basel Hebrew prints became scarcer, and were confined mainly to the productions of the Buxtorfs, while only sporadic Hebrew works were produced at Altdorf, Bern, and Zurich (where, however, one of the finest specimens of Hebrew printing had been produced in the Judæo-German "Yosippon" of 1546). Reference may be here made to prints of Paulus Fagius at Constance in 1643-44, mainly with Judæo-German or Latin translations. Altogether the total number of Hebrew works produced in Switzerland was not more than fifty.
The history of the Hebrew press in Denmark deserves treatment in fuller detail, as it has been recently investigated by Simonsen. In 1598 Heinrich Waldkirch imported some inferior Hebrew type to Copenhagen from Wittenberg; but nothing of importance was printed during the following three decades. In 1631 Solomon Sartor published some excerpts from the Bible; and in 1663 Henrik Göde printed similar extracts. In 1734 Marius Fogh (who later became city magistrate of Odense) published an edition of Isaac Abravanel's commentary on Genesis 49 This work, which bore the imprint of the Copenhagen publishing-house of I. C. Rothe, was for sale as late as 1893. Christian Nold's concordance of the Bible appeared in 1679 from the press of Corfitz Luft in Copenhagen, and the solid quarto volume, containing 1,210 pages, gives evidence of the author's diligence, as well as of the printer's skill and care. A Lutheran pastor, Lauritz Petersen, in Nyköbing on the island of Falster, published in 1640 a new Hebrew versification of the Song of Solomon, intended as a wedding-present for the son of King Christian IV. and his bride Magdalena Sibylla. This work, which was entitled "Canticum Canticorum Salomonis," consisted of Hebrew verse with Danish translation, and with various melodies added; it was printed by Melchior Martzau. Samuel ben Isaac of Schwerin published in 1787 some Talmudic annotations entitled "Minḥat Shemu'el," printed by the Copenhagen firm of Thiele, but showing evidence of lack of skill.
Fagius and Hene.
To revert to Switzerland, Fagius printed a number of Biblical, grammatical, and polemical works at Isny, with the help of Elijah Levita, who produced there the "Tishbi," "Meturgeman," and "Baḥur," besides a German translation of the "Sefer ha-Middot" in 1542, which is now very rare. Another Christian printer who is mentioned throughout this period is Hans Jacob Hene, who produced about thirty Jewish works in Hebrew at Hanau (1610-30). He cateredmore to the students of the Talmud and Halakah, producing three responsa collections, three commentaries on the Talmud, the Ṭur and Shulḥan 'Aruk, and three somewhat similar codes, as well as a number of Judæo-German folk editions like the "Zuchtspiegel" or the "Brandspiegel" (1626), and the "Weiberbuch" of Benjamin Aaron Solnik. Among his typesetters were a couple of the Ulmas, of the Günzburg family, and Mordecai b. Jacob Prossnitz, who has already been mentioned. Hene's type is distinguished by its clearness, and by the peculiar form of the "shin" in the so-called "Weiberdeutsch." Other isolated appearances of Hebrew works at Tannhausen (1594), Thiengen (1660), and Hergerswiese did not add much to German Jewish typography in this period.
Meantime, in eastern Europe, the Gersonides continued their activity at Prague, especially in the printing of ritual works; but they suffered from the competition of the Bak family, who introduced from Italy certain improvements from the year 1605 onward. Among the typesetters at Prague in this period was the Jewess Gütel (daughter of Löb Setzer), who set up a work in 1627. At Prague almost for the first time is found the practise of rabbis issuing their responsa from the local presses. The decoration employed by the Prague press of this period was often somewhat elaborate. Besides the illustrated Haggadah of 1526, the title-page of the Ṭur of 1540 is quite elaborate and includes the arms of Prague.
Cracow and Lublin.
In Cracow Isaac ben Aaron of Prossnitz revived the Hebrew press in 1569, and produced a number of Talmudic and cabalistic works from that time to his death in 1614, when his sons succeeded to his business. He was assisted by Samuel Bohn, who brought from Venice the Italian methods and titlepage designs, which were used up to about 1580. He produced, besides the Jerusalem and Babylonian Talmuds, two editions of the Midrash Rabbot, the "Yalḳuṭ Shim'oni" (1596), and several works of Moses Isserles and Solomon Luria, besides the "Yuḥasin," "Shalshelet ha-Ḳabbalah," and "Yosippon." Isaac b. Aaron for a time ran a press in his native city of Prossnitz, where from 1602 to 1605 he published four works.
Lublin competed with Cracow for the eastern trade from 1556 onward, when an edition of the tractate Shebu'ot appeared in the former city. Its printers were mainly of the Jaffe family; Kalonymus Abraham (1562-1600) was followed by his son Ẓebi (1602 onward), who made use of the services of the above mentioned Mordecai b. Jacob of Prossnitz. The prints of the Jaffes were mainly productions of local rabbis and Judæo-German works. During the plague which ravaged Lublin in 1592 Kalonymus Jaffe moved his printing establishment to Bistrovich, whence he issued a Haggadah with Abravanel's commentary.
It should perhaps be added that at Antwerp and Leyden in this period Biblical works by Christian printers appeared, at the former place by the celebrated Christopher Plantin, who got his type from Bomberg's workshop.
Fourth Period. Hegemony of Amsterdam.
- (1627-1732): This period is opened and dominated by the foundation of the press at Amsterdam, the rich and cultured Maranos of the Dutch capital devoting their wealth, commercial connections, and independent position to the material development of Hebrew literature in book form. For nearly a century after its foundation Amsterdam supplied the whole of Teutonic Europe with Hebrew books; and the term "Defus Amsterdam" was used to denote type of special excellence even though cast elsewhere, just as the term "Italic" was applied to certain type cast not only in Italy but in other countries. The first two presses were set up in the year 1627, one under Daniel de Fonseca, the other under Manasseh ben Israel, who in the following twenty years printed more than sixty works, many of them his own, with an excellent edition of the Mishnah without vowels, and, characteristically enough, a reprint of Almoli's "Pitron Ḥalomot" (1637). The work in later times was mainly done by his two sons, Ḥayyim and Samuel. Toward the latter part of Manasseh ben Israel's career as a printer an important competitor arose in the person of Immanuel Benveniste, who in the twenty years 1641-60 produced prayer-books, a Midrash Rabbah, an Alfasi, and the Shulḥan 'Aruk, mostly decorated with elaborate titles supported by columns, which became the model for all Europe. He was followed by the firm of Gumpel & Levi (1648-60). Particularinterest attaches to the name of Uri Phoebus ha-Levi, an apprentice of Benveniste's who was in business in Amsterdam on his own account from 1658 to 1689. He was the medium through which the Amsterdam methods of printing were transferred to Zolkiev between 1692 and 1695. His productions, though in the Amsterdam style, were generally of a less costly and elegant nature, and he appears to have printed prayer-books, Maḥzors, calendars, and Judæo-German works for the popular market. Just as Uri Phoebus worked for the German Jews, so Athias contemporaneously published ritual works for the Spanish Jews, who demanded usually a much higher grade of printing, paper, and binding than did their poorer German coreligionists (1660-83). Athias' editions of the Bible, and especially of the Pentateuch, for which he had Leusden's help, are especially fine; and the edition of Maimonides' "Yad" which his son and successor, Immanuel, published in 1703, is a noteworthy piece of printing. A third member of the Athias family printed in Amsterdam as late as 1739-40.The Sephardic community of Amsterdam had also the services of Abraham de Castro Tartas (1663-95), who had learned his business under the Ben Israels. He printed, chiefly, works in Spanish and Portuguese, and in the decoration of his titles was fond of using scenes from the life of David. A number of Poles who fled to Amsterdam from the Cossack uprisings in 1648-56 were employed by Christian printers of that city, as Albertus Magnus, Christoph von Ganghel, the Steen brothers, and Bostius, the last-named of whom produced the great Mishnah of Surenhusius (1698-1703). A most curious phenomenon is presented by Moses ben Abraham, a Christian of Nikolsburg, who was converted to Judaism, and who printed several works between 1690 and 1694. Abraham, the son of another proselyte named Jacob, was an engraver who helped to decorate the Passover Haggadah of 1695, printed by Kosman Emrich, who produced several important works between 1692 and 1714.
The Proopses.
Less important presses at the beginning of this period were erected in Amsterdam by Moses Coutinho, Isaac de Cordova, Moses Dias, and the firm of Soto & Brando. Members of the Maarssen family are also to be reckoned among the more productive Hebrew printers of Amsterdam. Jacob, Joseph, David, and Mahrim Maarssen produced many works between 1695 and 1740, among them reproductions of cursive writing. The last-named settled later at Frankfort-on-the-Main. By this time the Hebrew press at Amsterdam had become entirely dominated by mercantile considerations, and was represented by the publishing- and printing-houses of Solomon ben Joseph Proops, whose printed catalogue "Appiryon Shelomoh," 1730 (the first known of its kind), shows works published by him to be mainly rituals and a few responsa, two editions of the "'En Ya'aḳob," the "Ḥobot ha-Lebabot," and the "Menorat ha-Ṃa'or," two editions of the Zohar (1715), and the Judæo-German "Ma'asehbuch." Proops was evidently adapting himself to the popular taste from 1697 onward. The house established by him continued to exist down to the middle of the nineteenth century, Joseph and Jacob and Abraham being members thereof from 1734 until about 1780. They were followed by Solomon ben Abraham Proops in 1799, while a David ben Jacob Proops, the last of the family, died in 1849, and his widow sold the business to I. Levisson.
Mention should be made here of the two Ashkenazic Dayyanim of Amsterdam, who added printing to their juridical accomplishments, Joseph Dayyan from 1719 to 1737, and Moses Frankfurter from 1720 to 1743; the latter produced between the years 1724 and 1728 the best-known edition of the rabbinic Bible. The only other Amsterdam printer whom it is necessary to mention is Solomon London (c. 1721), on account of his later connection with Frankfort-on-the-Main.
Resuming the history of the Prague press during this period, the Bak family continued its activity, especially in printing a number of Judæo-German works, mostly without supplying the place or the date of publication. Many local folk-songs in German now exist only in these productions. One of the productions of this firm, a Maḥzor, the first volume of which appeared in Prague in 1679, was finished in Wekelsdorf by the production of the second volume in 1680.
Another offshoot of the Prague press was that of Wilhermsdorf, which was founded in 1669 in order to take advantage of the paper-mills erected there by Count von Hohenlohe. The first printer there was Isaac Cohen, one of the Gersonides who printed two works there in poor style in 1691. He was followed in 1712 by Israel ben Meïr of Prague, who sold out to Hirsch ben Ḥayyim of Fürth. Among the 150 productions of these presses may be mentioned a list of post-offices, markets, and fairs compiled by the printer Hirsch ben Ḥayyim and printed in 1724.
In Prague itself the Baks found a serious competitor in Moses Cohen Ẓedeḳ, founder of the Katz family of typographers; this competition lasted for nearly a century, the two houses combining in 1784 as the firm of Bak & Katz.
Cracow during this period is distinguished by the new press of Menahem (Nahum) Meisels, which continued for about forty years from 1631 onward, producing a considerable number of Talmudic and cabalistic works, including such productions of the local rabbis, as the "Ḥiddushe Agadot" of Samuel Edels; this was put up in type by Judah Cohen of Prague, and corrected by Isaac of Brisk. The year 1648, so fatal to the Jews of Slavonic lands, was epoch-making for both Cracow and Lublin. At the latter place a few works appeared from 1665 onward, mainly from the press of Samuel Kalmanka (1673-83) of the Jaffe family.
Germany.
This period is especially distinguished by the rise of the Jewish Hebrew press in Germany, chiefly in five centers: (1) Frankfort-on-the-Main, (2) Sulzbach, (3) Dessau, (4) Hamburg, and (5) Dyhernfurth. For various reasons presses were erected also in the vicinity of each of these centers. In Frankfort-on-the-Main the municipal law prohibited any Jew from erecting a printing-press, so that, notwithstanding its large and wealthy Jewish population, the earliest Hebrew productions of this city came from Christian printers, especially Christian Wüst, who produced a Bible in 1677, and an edition of the "Ḥawwot Yaïr" in 1699. Then came the press of Blasius Ilsner, who began printing Hebrew in 1682, and produced the "Kuhbuch" of Moses Wallich in 1687, in which year he produced also part of a German Pentateuch as well as a standard edition of the Yalḳut. This last was published by the bookseller Seligmann Reis. Besides other Christian printers like Andreas and Nicholas Weinmann, Johann Koelner produced a number of Hebrew works during the twenty years 1708-27, including the continuation of an edition of the Talmud begun at Amsterdam and finished at Frankfort-on-the-Main (1720-23); it is probable thatthe type was brought from Amsterdam. An attempt of Koelner to produce 1,700 copies of an Al-fasi by means of a lottery failed, though an edition was produced in Amsterdam four years later. Many of the typesetters of Amsterdam and Frankfort about this period frequently alternated their residence and activity between the two cities. In 1727 few Hebrew books were produced at Frankfort-on-the-Main. In connection with the Frankfort book market a number of presses in the neighborhood turned out Hebrew books, in Hanau as early as 1674. The book entitled "Tam we-Yashar" was printed there, with Frankfort as its place of publication. From 1708 onward Bashuysen produced a series of books, including Abravanel on the Pentateuch (1710), which was issued by Reis of Frankfort. Among his workmen were David Baer of Zolkiev, who had worked at Amsterdam, and Menahem Maneli of Wilmersdorf. Bashuysen sold his rights to Bousang (1713), who continued producing Hebrew works till 1725.
Homburg was also one of the feeding-presses for Frankfort, from 1711 to 1750. Its press was possessed from 1737 on by Aaron of Dessau, an inhabitant of the Frankfort Judengasse, who produced among other works two editions of the "Ḥiddushim" of Maharam Schiff (1745). Seligmann Reis, who had learned printing in Amsterdam, started another press in Offenbach (1714-20), mostly for Judæo-German pamphlets, including a few romances like the "Artus Hoof," "Floris and Blanchefleur," and "The Seven Wise Masters." In opposition to Reis was Israel Moses, working under the Christian printer De Launoy from 1719 to 1724 and for himself till as late as 1743.
Sulzbach.
The history of the Sulzbach Hebrew press is somewhat remarkable. On May 12, 1664, one Abraham Lichtenthaler received permission to found a printing-press at Sulzbach. He began to print in 1667 Knorr von Rosenroth's "Kabbala Denudata," a work which was for the Christian world the chief source of information as to the Cabala. This appears to have attracted to Sulzbach Isaac Cohen Gersonides, who produced in the year 1669 a couple of Judæo-German works, "Leb Ṭob" and "Shebeṭ Yehudah," from the press of Lichtenthaler. Nothing followed these first productions till the "Kabbala Denudata" was finished in 1684, when Knorr determined to have an edition of the Zohar printed at Sulzbach, and for that purpose had one Moses Bloch cut Hebrew letters, with which the Zohar was printed in a rather elementary fashion. This attracted attention to Sulzbach as a printing-place; and an imperfect edition of the Talmud was printed in 1694 by Bloch and his son (the latter succeeded Bloch). The competition of the Amsterdam edition of 1697-99 prevented its completion. One of the most curious productions of the Sulzbach press was a Purim parody, which was issued anonymously in 1695. Bloch was followed by Aaron Frankel, son of one of the exiles of Vienna, and founder of the Frankel-Arnstein family, having worked at the office of Bloch as early as 1685. He set up his press in 1699, his first production being a Maḥzor and part of the Talmud; and his son Meshullam carried on the press for forty years from 1724 to 1767. One hundred and fourteen productions of the Sulzbach press have been enumerated up to 1732.
Fürth and Hamburg.
Fürth also commenced in this period its remarkable activity as a producer of Hebrew works, more distinguished perhaps for quantity than quality. Beginning in 1691 just as the Wilmersdorf press gave up, Joseph Shneior established a press at Fürth, which produced about thirty works during the next eight years. Most of his typesetters had come from Prague. An opposition press was set up later (1694, 1699) by Ẓebi Hirsch ha-Levi and his son-in-law Mordecai Model. This was one of the presses which had as a typesetter a woman, Reichel, daughter of Isaac Jutels of Wilmersdorf. The former press was continued in 1712 by Samuel Bonfed, son of Joseph Shneior, together with Abraham Bing (1722-24); the firm lasted till 1730.
Similar presses were founded at Dessau by Moses Bonem (1696), and at Köthen in 1707-18 by Israel ben Abraham, the proselyte, who had previously worked at Amsterdam, Offenbach, and Neuwied. Israel then transferred his press to Jessnitz, where he worked till about 1726, at which date he removed it to Wandsbeck, near Hamburg, staying there till 1733, when he wandered to Neuwied and back to Jessnitz (1739-44) together with his sons Abrahamand Tobias. Another proselyte, Moses ben Abraham, had printed Hebrew in Halle (1709-14).
The earliest production of the Hebrew press of Hamburg was a remarkable edition of a Hebrew Bible, set up by a Christian, Elias Hutter, and having the servile letters distinguished by hollow type, so as to bring out more clearly the radical letters. Hutter was followed by two Christians: (1) George Ravelin, who printed a Pentateuch with Targum and Hafṭarot in 1663; and (2) Thomas Rose, who from 1686 to 1715 printed several Jewish books and who was succeeded by his son Johann Rose up to 1721. In the neighboring city of Altona Samuel Poppart of Coblenz started printing in 1720, mainly ritual matters; and he was followed by Ephraim Heksher in 1732 and Aaron Cohen of Berlin in 1735.
Dyhernfurth.
Finally more to the east Shabbethai Bass established at Dyhernfurth in 1689 a printing-press especially devoted to meeting the wants of the Breslau book market, which had hitherto been dependent upon Amsterdam or Prague. For the varying history of his press, which lasted till 1713, see his biography (Jew. Encyc. 2:583). It was sold by Shabbethai's son Joseph to his son-in-law Issachar Cohen for 5,000 thalers, who carried it on till 1729, when he died, his wife then continuing the business.
Hebrew works were early printed at Frankfort-on-the-Oder, by two Christians, Hartmann Brothers, from 1595 to 1596, who produced Bibles, and Eichhorn, who printed the "Musar Haskel" of Hai Gaon in 1597. Their work was continued in the next century by Professor Beckmann in 1681, and Michael Gottschek, who produced, at the cost of Baermann Halberstade, an edition of the Babylonian Talmud in 1698 to supply the loss of the Talmuds during the Cossack outbreaks. A second edition of this Talmud was produced by Gottschek in company with Jablonski at Berlin, who had purchased a Hebrew set of types in 1697. They began work in 1699, and produced a Pentateuch with a Rashbam in 1705, and the aforesaid Talmud in 1715-21. One of his chief typesetters was Baruch Buchbinder, who afterward printed in Prausnitz. Other Hebrew books were produced by Nathan Neumark (1720-26), in whose employ Aaron Cohen, afterward at Altona, learned to set type.
In this period a beginning of Hebrew typography was made also in the British Isles, by Samuel Clarke at OXFORD about 1667, and by Thomas Ilive (1714-1718) in LONDON, both Christian printers.
To return to the south of Europe: the Venice press was carried on by a succession of the Bragadinis: Aloisio II. (1625-28), Geralamo (1655-64), and Aloisio III. (1697-1710). Among the Jewish setters or correctors for the press employed by the Bragadinis may be mentioned Leo de Modena, Moses Zacuto, Menahem Ḥabib, Moses Ḥayyim of Jerusalem, and Solomon Altaras. The chief competitor of the Bragadinis was Vendramini, from 1631 onward; but the opposition of Amsterdam reduced the activity of the Venetian press toward the end of the seventeenth century, while Leghorn began to cater to the printing of the Oriental Jews about 1650, when Jedidiah Gabbai produced the "azharot" of Solomon ibn Gabirol. His chief production was a Yalḳuṭ in 1660, after which he removed to Florence and finally settled in Smyrna, where his son Abraham printed from 1659 to 1680 with the aid of Samuel Valenci from Venice. Abraham's productions include a few Ladino works in Hebrew characters, among the earliest of the kind. In Constantinople a family of printers named Franco—Solomon (1639), Abraham (1641-83), and Abraham (1709-20)—produced a number of casuistic works. Among their typesetters was Solomon of Zatanof (1648), who had escaped the Cossack outbreaks. The pause from 1683 to 1710 was broken by two Poles from Amsterdam, Jonah of Lemberg and Naphtali of Wilna. Jonah of Lemberg printed a few of his works at Ortakeui, near Constantinople, and finally settled at Smyrna.
With the year 1732 the detailed history of Hebrew typography must cease. It would be impossible to follow in minute detail the spread of Hebrew presses throughout the world during the last 160 years. The date 1732 is also epoch-making in the history of Hebrew bibliography, as up to that date the great work of Johann Christoph WOLF, amplified and corrected by Steinschneider in his "Bodleian Catalogue," gives a complete account of the personnel of the Hebrew press, both Jewish and Christian. The list of these printers given by Steinschneider is of considerable importance, both for identifying unknown or imperfect works of the earlier period, and as affording information of persons learned in Hebrew lore who utilized it only as typesetters or correctors for the press. Many, if not most, of the more distinguished families of recent date have been connected with these masters of printing, whose names are thus of importance for pedigree purposes (PEDIGREE). For these reasons Steinschneider's list is here reprinted in shortened form.
Name. | Place. | Date . |
---|---|---|
Aaron | Amsterdam | 1703,6 |
Aaron b. Aaron Kohen | Amsterdam | 1697 |
Aaron b. Abraham | Hanau | 1722 |
Aaron da Costa Abendana b. Samuel. | Amsterdam | 1726, 30 |
Aaron (Hezekiah ) Credo | Amsterdam | 1726 |
Aaron b. (Ḥayyim) David Levi | Zolkiev | 1716, 18, 21, 47 |
Aaron b. David Witmund | Amsterdam | 1659 |
Aaron b. Elijah Kohen of Hamburg. | Hamburg | 1714-15, 32 |
Offenbach | 1716 | |
Sulzbach | 1717 | |
Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1719 | |
Jessnitz | 1724 | |
Berlin | 1724-26 | |
Wandsbeck | 1726 | |
Altona | 1735 | |
Aaron (Shneor Zalman) b. Gabriel | Amsterdam | 1721 |
Aaron Hamon | Constantinople | 1423 |
Aaron b. Isaac (Drucker) b. Aaron | Prossnitz | 1608-9, 10-12, 12-13, 13-19 |
Aaron b. Isaac Sofer | Amsterdam | 1713 |
Aaron b. Jacob Levi | Dyhernfurth | 1689 |
Aaron b. Jacob Senior | Amsterdam | 1659 |
Aaron Jaffe b. Israel | ............... | 1702 |
Aaron Leon | Constantinople | 1576-77 |
Aaron b. Manasseh Ephraim | Amsterdam | 1661 |
Aaron b. Meïr | Prague | 1705-13 |
Aaron b. Moses Krumenau | Cracow | 1608-9, 10-12, 17-18 |
Aaron Rodrigues-Mendes | Amsterdam | 1728, 30 |
Aaron b. Selig of Glogau | Berlin | 1709 |
Dyhernfurth | 1713 | |
Berlin | 1717 | |
Amsterdam | 1726 | |
Aaron b. Shabbethai | Amsterdam | 1723-24 |
Aaron b. Uri Lipmann | ............... | 1700-17 |
Abba b. Solomon | Basel | 1609 |
Abba-Mari of Vienna | Prague | 1623 |
Abbele b. Judah | Prague | 1706, 10 |
Abigdor b. Eliezer Ashkenazi | Constantinople | 1547 |
Abigdor b. Eliezer Kohen | Prague | 1614 |
Abigdor b. (Israel) Joseph | Cracow | 1638-40, 43, 48 |
Abigdor b. Samuel b. Moses Ezra. | Cracow | 1619 |
Abraham | Amsterdam | 1708 |
Abraham b. Aaron | Prague | 1674 (?) |
Abraham b. Abigdor | ............... | 1530 |
Abraham Aboab, Sr. | Venice | 1590 |
Abraham Aboab, Jr. | Venice | 1655, 57, 59, 60, 69 |
Abraham b. Abraham | Adrianople (?) | |
Abraham Abudiente | Constantinople | 1654 |
Abraham ibn Akra | Salonica | 1595 |
Venice | 1599 | |
Abraham b. Alexander | Venice | 1606 |
Abraham Algazi b. Simeon | Constantinople | 1711 |
Abraham Algazi b. Solomon | Smyrna | 1659 |
Abraham Alḳabiẓi | Constantinople | 1516 |
Abraham Alḳaras | Damascus | 1605-6 |
Abraham Altschul b. Jacob | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1697-99 |
Abraham Amnon b. Jacob Israel | Leghorn | 1653-54 |
Abraham Arama b. Isaac | Salonica | 1520 |
Abraham ibn Ashkara Ẓarfati b. Samuel. | Pesaro | 1511 |
Abraham Bassa of Jerusalem | Amsterdam | 1722 |
Abraham Benveniste b. Aaron | Venice | 1546 |
Abraham b. Bezalel of Posen | Lublin | 1622-26, 30, 33-34, 45, 46 |
Abraham di Boton b. Aaron | Smyrna | 1600, 71, 74 |
Abraham (Hezekiah) Brandon ibn Yaḳḳar | Amsterdam | (d. 1725) |
Abraham Breit b. Moses | Amsterdam | 1650 |
Abraham Broda b. Elijah of Prague. | Suizbach | 1715 |
Wilmersdorf | 1716 | |
Abraham Cassel | Strasburg | 1521 |
Abraham ("Senior") Coronel | Amsterdam | 1661, 67 |
Abraham Dandosa | Constantinople | 1513 |
Abraham b. David Gojetein | Cracow | 1586, 93 |
Prague | 1608 | |
Abraham b. David Naḥman | Salonica | 1709, 13, 24, 29 |
Constantinople | 1711 | |
Abraham b. David Posner | Wilmersdorf | 1685 |
Abraham b. Dob (Baer) of Lissa | Amsterdam | 1701 |
Abraham Dorheim b. Moses Dorheim. | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1719 |
Abraham b. Eliezer Braunschweig | Hanau | 1610, 17 |
Basel | 1618-19 | |
Abraham b. Eliezer Kohen | Cracow | 1589 |
Abraham b. Eliezer Kohen | Wilmersdorf | 1685-90, 1712-23 |
Sulzbach | 1691-1712 | |
Abraham b. Eliezer Rödelsheim | Cracow | 1600 |
Abraham ibn Ezra | Salonica | 1721 |
Abraham Facon (?) | Naples | 1492 |
Abraham Faraji b. Meïr | Salonica | 1593-94 |
Abraham de Fonseca | Amsterdam | 1627 |
Abraham ben (ibn) Garton b. Isaac. | Reggio | 1475 |
Abraham Gedaliah | Leghorn | 1650-57 |
Abraham Ger | Salonica | 1651-55 |
Abraham Ḥaber-Ṭob b. Solomon | Venice | 1595, 99, 1614, 17-19, 24, 32-34, 37, 40, 42, 43 |
Leghorn | 1650-57 | |
Abraham Ḥavez | Amsterdam | 1724 |
Abraham b. Ḥayyim | Pesaro | 1477 |
Ferrara | 1479 | |
Bologna | 1482 | |
Soncino | 1488 | |
Abraham Ḥayyim of Fano | Ferrara | 1693 |
Abraham Ḥayyon b. Solomon b. Abraham. | Constantinople | 1578-79 |
Abraham Hurwitz b. Isaiah | Amsterdam | 1728, 29 |
Abraham Hurwitz b. Judah (Löb) Deborles Levi. | ||
Abraham b. Isaac Ashkenazi | Sufed | 1577-79, 87 |
Abraham b. Isaac b. David | Ixar | 1490 |
Abraham b. Israel | Cracow | 1617, 18 |
Abraham b. Israel Menahem | Lublin | 1578 |
Offenbach | 1729 | |
Abraham b. Israel b. Moses | Neuwied | 1735-37 |
Jessnitz | 1739-40 | |
Abraham b. Issachar Kohen (Kaz) Gersoni of Prague. | Wilmersdorf | 1679, 82 |
Sulzbach | 1684 | |
Prague | 1686, 88, 90-93 | |
Abraham b. Jacob | Hanau | 1726 |
Abraham b. Jacob Levi | Amsterdam | 1726, 30 |
Abraham (Israel) b. Jacob (Koppel) of Vienna. | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1705, 9, 11-12 |
Abraham Jedidiah de Cologna. | ||
Abraham b. Jekuthiel | Hanau | 1715, 47 |
Abraham b. Jekuthiel Kohen | Hanau | 1611-14, 23-30 |
Abraham b. Joseph | Lublin | 1571-72 |
Abraham b. Joseph | Hamburg | 1690 |
Abraham b. Joseph Manasseh | Constantinople | 1732 |
Abraham b. Joshua Sezze | Venice | 1696 |
Abraham b. Joshua of Worms | Amsterdam | 1643-48, 45-46 |
Abraham b. Judah | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1697-99 |
Abraham b. Judah (Loeb) | Constantinople | 1710, 12, 16-20, 26-27, 37 |
Abraham b. Judah b. Nisan. | ||
Abraham b. Kalonymus Reumold. | Prague | 1614, 17-19, 21-24, 25 |
Abraham Ḳara | Salonica | 1587 |
Venice | 1589 | |
Mantua | 1589-90 | |
Abraham Landau b. Jacob | Naples | 1491-92 |
Abraham Laniado | Venice | 1603 |
Abraham (Kohen) de Lara | Amsterdam | 1691 |
Abraham Lichtenthaler | Salzbach | 1697 |
Abraham Luria | Jessnitz | 1723 |
Abraham Mendes-Lindo | Amsterdam | 1725 |
Abraham b. Meshullam of Modena. | Mantua | 1558-60 |
Abraham Molko b. Joseph | Salonica | 1709 |
Abraham b. Mordecai Kohen | Amsterdam | 1661 |
Abraham b. Moses (Schedel) | Prague | 1602-4 |
Abraham b. Moses Goslar | Wandsbeck | 1733 |
Abraham b. Moses Kohen | Bologna | 1538 |
Abraham b. Moses Nathan | Amsterdam | 1700 |
Abraham b. Naḥman Kohen | Lublin | 1635 |
Abraham b. Nathan | Amsterdam | 1652 |
Abraham ibn Nathan b. Ḥayyim? of Salonica. | Constantinople | 1716, 17, 18, 19 |
Abraham Netto b. Joseph | Venice | 1622 |
Abraham (Ḥai) Ortona b. David | Verona | 1652 |
Abraham ibn Paredes | Constantinople | 1522 |
Abraham Pereira b. Elijah | Constantinople | 1642-43 |
Abraham Peris | Amsterdam | 1678 |
Abraham Pescarol b. Kalonymus. | Venice Cremona. | 1544, 65 |
Abraham ibn Phorni | Venice | 1565 |
Abraham Porto | Venice | 1563, 64, 65, 66, 74, 84, 88, 89 |
Abraham Porto b. Jehiel | Verona | 1594 |
Abraham b. Reuben Abi Saglo | Venice | 1606 |
Abraham Reyna | Constantinople | 1560 |
Abraham Rosanes b. Meïr | Constantinople | 1711, 19-20 |
Abraham Sacchi | Venice | 1586 |
Abraham b. Solomon Levi | Hamburg | 1706-7 |
Abraham b. Samuel b. David Levi. | ............... | 1692 |
Abraham b. Samuel Kohen | Constantinople | 1561 |
Abraham b. Selig of Glogau | Berlin | 1711-12 |
Offenbach | 1721 | |
Wilmersdorf | 1726 | |
Dyhernfurth | 1726 | |
Wandsbeck | 1733 | |
Homburg | 1738-41 | |
Abraham Selzer b. Aaron of Minsk | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1702 |
Abraham b. Shalom | Prague | 1608 |
Abraham Shalom b. Isaac | Salonica | 1717 |
Abraham ibn Shangi b. Ephraim. | Constantinople | 1534 |
Abraham b. Shemariah | Constantinople | 1539-40 |
Abraham Shoshan | Constantinople | |
Abraham de Silva b. Solomon | Venice | 1672, 78, 1728 |
Amsterdam | 1728 | |
Abraham b. Simeon Friedburg | Prague | 1713 |
Abraham b. Simeon Kolin | Prague | 1697 |
Abraham Sonina | Constantinople | 1717 |
Abraham Talmid Sefardi | Naples | 1492 |
Abraham Uzziel b. Baruch | Venice | 1655-56 |
Abraham von Werd | Fürth | 1699 |
Abraham ibn Ya'ish b. Joseph | Constantinople | 1505, 9 |
Salonica | 1520 | |
Abraham ibn Yaḳḳar b. Jacob Hananiah. | Venice | 1718 |
Abraham Yerushalmi (b. YomṬob? | Constantinople | 1512 |
Abraham Ẓalaḥ b. Shabbethai | Venice | 1599-1606 |
Abraham Ẓarfati | Amsterdam | 1626-27 |
Abraham b. Ẓebi | Lublin | 1637 |
Abraham b. Ẓebi | Verona | 1649 (?) |
Abraham (Ḥayyim) b. Ẓebi (Hirsch). | Amsterdam | 1725-32 |
Abraham b. Ẓebi of Cracow | Amsterdam | 1641, 43 |
Cracow | 1663 | |
Abraham b. Ẓebi (Hirsch) Kohen | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1697-99 |
Abraham b. Zeeb (Wolf) Levi | Amsterdam | 1688, 1706 |
Adelkind (Brothers) | Venice | 1519, 21, 22, 22, 24 |
Adelkind (Cornelius b. Baruch) | Venice | 1524, 24-25, 27, 28-29, 44, 45, 45, 46, 46-48, 48-49, 50-52, 52 |
Sabbionetta | 1553-54 | |
Adelkind (Daniel b. Cornelio) | Venice | 1549-52 |
Akiba b. Uri (Phoebus) | Berlin | 1713 |
Alexander b. Ezekiel | Prague | 1618-20 |
Alexander b. Ḥayyim Ashkenazi. | Prague | 1616-17 |
Alexander (Susskind) b. Kalonymus. | Amsterdam | 1700, 2, 4 |
Alexander (Sender) b. Meïr Kassewitz. | Prague | 1718-19 |
Antunes (Antones ?), Aaron | Amsterdam | 1717-21(25?) |
Aryeh (Loeb) b. Gershon Wiener. | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1727 |
Aryeh (Judah Loeb) Krochmal b. Menahem. | ||
Aryeh (Judah) Sabibi b. David. | ||
Aryeh (Loeb) b. Saul b. Joshua | Amsterdam | 1711 |
Aryeh Sofer b. Ḥayyim | Berlin | 1706 |
Aryeh b. Solomon Ḥayyim | Berlin | 1706 |
Aryeh b. Solomon Ḥayyim | Bologna | 1537-40 |
Aryeh (Loeb) b. Solomon Kohen of Przemysl. | Zolkiev | 1709 |
Aryeh (Judah Loeb) Te'omim b. Aaron | Frankfort-on-the-Main (?) | 1710 |
Aryeh (Loeb) b. Zeeb (Wolf) Levi. | Amsterdam | 1686, 99 |
Asher (Anschel) | ............... | 1700 |
Asher (Anschel) Altschüler b. Naphtali Herzel. | Prossnitz | 1603 |
Prague | 1604, 11-17, 18, 20-21, 22-23 | |
Asher (Anschel) b. Eliezer | Amsterdam | 1663 - 85, 86, 1692 - 1703, 5, 13 |
Asher (Anschel) b. Elijah | Amsterdam | 1698 |
Asher (Anschel) b. Gershon Kohen | Prague | 1609-10 |
Asher (Selig) Hurwitz b. Isaac Levi. | Lublin | 1624 |
Asher (Selig) b. Isaac of Dubno | Sulzbach | 1702 |
Asher (Selig) b. Isaac Kohen | Berlin | 1703 |
Asher (Anschel) b. Meïr Prostitz. | Amsterdam | 1708 |
Asher Minz b. Perez | Naples | 1491 |
Asher (Anschel) b. Moses | Cracow | 1643 |
Asher Parentio (Parenz) b. Jacob. | Venice | 1579-95 |
Asher Tiktin b. Menahem | Cracow | 1598 |
Astruc de Toulon b. Jacob | Constantinople | 1510-30 |
Athias, Abraham b. Raphael Hezekiah. | Amsterdam | 1728-41 |
Athias, Immanuel b. Joseph | Amsterdam | 1700-9 |
Athias, Joseph b. Abraham | Amsterdam | 1658-85 |
Azariah | Bologna | 1537-38 |
Azariah Talmid | Venice | 1648 |
Azriel b. Joseph (b. Jacob Gunzenhäuser) Ashkenazi. | Naples | 1491, 92 |
Azriel b. Moses | Hanau | 1716 |
Fürth | 1726 | |
Azriel b. Moses Schedel | ............... | 1602-9, 13 |
Azriel Peraḥyah Kohen | Amsterdam | 1703 |
Azriel ben Solomon Diena | Sabbionetta (?) | 1550-51 |
Baer (b. Meshullam Zalman Mirls ?) of Posen. | Berlin | 1716-17 |
Baerle Rappa | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1713 |
Baermann b. Judah Lima Levi of Essen | ............... | 1697-99, 1721 |
Bak (Israel b. Joseph b. Judah) | Prague | 1686, 89, 90, 91, 95 |
Bak (Jacob [II.] b. Judah) | Lublin | 1648, 73-96 |
Prague | 1680 | |
Bak (Joseph [I.] b. Jacob) | Prague | 1623, 23-24, 24, 29, 57-60, 62 |
Bak (Joseph [II.] b. Judah) | Prague | 1673-96, 79, 84, 86 |
Bak (Judah [I.] b. Jacob) | Prague | 1620-60, 61-69 |
Bak (Judah [II.] b. Moses b. Jacob) | Prague | 1705, 6, 8, 13-20 |
Bak (Moses [I.] b. Jacob b. Judah). | Prague | 1686, 97, 1716 |
Bak (Moses ben Judah) | Prague | 1697 |
Bak (Yom-Ṭob Lipman b. Moses b. Jacob). | Prague | 1713-18, 25 |
Fürth | 1723-24 | |
Bak, Jacob (I.) b. Gershon Wahl | Venice | 1598, 99 |
Prague | 1605, 7, 9, 12-15 | |
Baruch | Pesaro | 1517 |
Baruch Bloch b. Jacob | Cracow | 1609 |
Baruch Buchbinder of Wilna | Berol | 1708-9 |
Prossnitz | 1711 | |
Berlin | 1712-15, 17 | |
Baruch b. Eliezer Kohen | Venice | 1579 |
Baruch of Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1705 |
Baruch b. Joseph b. Baruch | Leghorn | 1657 |
Baruch of Korez | Cracow | 1637 |
Baruch b. Lipmann Wiener | Amsterdam | 1726-27 |
Baruch (Bendet) b. Nathan | Fürth | 1727-38 |
Sulzbach | 1729 | |
Baruch b. Simḥah Kalman | Venice | 1583 |
baruch b. Simḥah Levi | Amsterdam | 1670, 74 |
Baruch b. Solomon | Lublin | 1639 |
Baruch Uzziel | Ferrara | 1551, 56 |
Baschwitz (Meïr b. Ẓebi Hirsch) | Jessnitz | 1731-32 |
Berlin | 1736 | |
Baschwitz (Ẓebi Hirsch b. Meïr) | Berlin | 1701, 3, 9 |
Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1708 | |
Dyhernfurth | 1719, 20 | |
Hanau (?) | 1722 | |
Bat-Sheba (Abraham Joseph) | Salonica | 1592-1605 |
Bat-Sheba (Abraham b. Mattathiah). | Verona | 1594 |
Salonica | 1605, 5-6 | |
Bat-Sheba (Mattithiah) | Salonica. | |
Bella Hurwitz Levi | Prague. | |
Benjamin (Benusch) | Lemberg (?) | 1728 |
Benjamin (Wolf) b. Aaron Eliezer Worms of Durlach. | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1712-16 |
Benjamin b. Aaron Polacco | Venice | 1719, 21 |
Mantua | 1724, 27 | |
Venice | 1728, 29, 30, 44, 53 | |
Benjamin b. Abraham | Cracow | 1638-39, 40 |
Benjamin (Samuel) b. Abraham | Lublin | 1574-75, 76 |
Benjamin (Wolf) b. Abraham Kohen Hinfeld | Wilmersdorf | 1677 |
Benjamin (Wolf) b. Asher (Anschel). | Amsterdam | 1692, 95-96, 97, 1703 |
Benjamin Diaz Patto b. Jacob | Amsterdam | 1645 |
Benjamin (Zeeb Wolf) b. Elijah | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1680, 97-99 |
Benjamin b. Elijah Levi | Offenbach. | |
Benjamin Galmidi | Amsterdam | 1631-33 |
Benjamin (Kohen) Gersoni | Prague | 1624 |
Benjamin (Shneor) Godinez | Amsterdam | 1687-88 |
Benjamin (Zeeb Wolf) b. Jacob of Ofen. | Prague | 1689 |
Benjamin b. Jehiel (Michael) of Kalisz. | Amsterdam | 1702 |
Benjamin b. Jekuthiel | Hanau | 1624 |
Benjamin di Jonak | Amsterdam | 1708-10 |
Benjamin b. Joseph d'Arignano | Rome | 1546 |
Benjamin b. Joseph of Berlin | Berlin | 1711-12, 17 |
Benjamin (Wolf) b. Moses Dayyan Frankfurter. | Amsterdam | 1722, 23, 24, 26, 27, 30 |
Benjamin b. Moses b. Mattihiah b. Benjamin. | Venice | 1614 |
Benjamin b. Naphtali Moses | Offenbach | 1716 |
Benjamin (Saul) de Rubeis | Ferrara | 1554 |
Benjamin b. Solomon Cantoris | Lublin | 1624, 37 |
Cracow | 1646 | |
Benjamin (Zeeb) b. Solomon Kohen of Zolkiev. | Berlin | 1712 |
Benjamin Wolf b. Joseph Isaac | Amsterdam | 1725-29 |
Benjamin Wolf of Lemberg | Prague | 1614 |
Benveniste, or Benbeniste (Immanuel). | Amsterdam | 1641-59 |
Benzion Ẓarfati (Gallus) | Venice | 1606-7 |
Bezaleel b. Abraham | Lublin | 1614 |
Bing (Abraham b. Isaac) | Fürth | 1722-24 |
Bloch (Moses b. Uri Schraga) | Sulzbach | 1684-93 |
Bonfed, Shneor b. Joseph b. Zalman Shneor. | Fürth | 1722-24, 25-28, 29 |
Caleb Ḥazzan b. Joseph | Smyrna | 1730 |
Caleb b. Judah Magia | Constantinople | 1726-37 |
Canpillas (Yom-Ṭob b. Moses) | Constantinople | 1711 |
Salonica | 1713-24, 29 | |
Castro-(Crasto-) Tartas (David b. Abraham). | Amsterdam | 1660-95 |
Castro-Tartas (Jacob b. Abraham). | Amsterdam | 1664-65, 69 |
Christfels Phil. Ernest (Mordecai b. Moses of Illenfeld). | Wilmersdorf | 1713 |
Cividal Brothers | Venice | 1675 |
Conat (Abraham b. Solomon) | Mantua | 1476 |
Conat (Estellina). | ||
Concio (Conzio ?), Abraham b. Joseph | Chieri | 1627-28 |
Cordova (Abraham b. Jacob) | Amsterdam | 1700-5, 6, 8 |
Cordova (Isaac Hezekiah b. Jacob Ḥayyim). | Amsterdam | 1688-1726 |
Hamburg | 1710-14 | |
Cordova (Jacob Ḥayyim b. Moses Raphael). | Amsterdam | 1662-64, 64, 65, 66, 67-69, 75, 78, 81 |
Wilmersdorf | 1683, 92-93, 98-99, 1701-3, 14 | |
Cordova (Moses b. Isaac de) | Amsterdam | 1641-42 |
Daniel Pereira b. Abraham | Amsterdam | 1729, 31 |
David b. Aaron Judah Levi of Pinsk. | Amsterdam | 1685 |
David A boab b. Samuel | Venice | 1702 |
David b. Abraham (Azubib ? Asovev ?). | Salonica | 1578-86 (87?) |
David Abravanel-Dormido | Amsterdam | 1642 |
David Altaras b. Solomon | Venice | 1675-1718 |
David Bueno | Leghorn. | |
David Bueno b. Raphael Ḥayyim | Venice | 1704-5, 6, 7, 7-8, 16, 20-21, 32 |
David de Cazeres | Amsterdam | 1661 |
David b. Elasah Levi | ............... | 1489 |
David b. Eliezer Levi of Darlipstadt | Amsterdam | 1723, 28, 30, 33 |
David b. Elijah (Casti) | Constantinople | 1574, 75, 86 |
David b. Elijah b. David | Salonica | 1713-21, 29 |
David Fernandez (b. David) | Amsterdam | 1715, 26 |
David Ginz b. Solomon | Offenbach | 1717 |
David Grünhut | ............... | 1712 |
David b. Ḥayyim Ḥazzan | Smyrna | 1729-41 |
David b. Isaac Kohen | Amsterdam | 1644 |
David b. Isaac of Ottensoss | Fürth | 1727 |
David b. Issachar (Dob Baer of Zolkiev). | Zolkiev | 1694, 96 |
Berlin | 1699 1701, 3, 12 | |
Amsterdam | 1700, 1, 5 | |
Hanau | 1710 | |
Zolkiev | 1721 | |
David Jonah Jonathan | Oels | 1530 |
David Jonah Joseph Muskatels | Prague | 1705-6 |
David Jonah b. Shabbethai Jonah. | Salonica | 1653 |
David b. Judah (Loeb) of Cracow. | Lublin. | |
David Kohen | Constantinople | 1509 |
David de Lida b. Pethahiah b. David. | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1727 |
David of Maarsen | Amsterdam | 1715 |
David Maza b. Aaron | Mantua | 1612 |
Salonica | 1614 | |
David b. Menahem Kohen | Hanau | 1626-28 |
David b. Moses of Rheindorf | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1692 |
David Nördlingen | Cremona | 1565 |
David Nuñez | Amsterdam | 1697-99, 1700-5 |
David Peppe b. Abraham | Venice | 1663 |
David Pizzighetton b. Eliezer Levi | Venice | 1524 |
David Portaleone b. Moses | Mantua | 1623 |
David Portero | Pesaro | 1511 |
David Provençal b. Abraham | Venice | 1565 |
David (Naphtali) di Rieti b. Hananiah. | Mantua. | |
David de la Rocca | Venice | 1601-2 |
David b. Samuel Kohen | Amsterdam | 1726, 32 |
David b. Shemaiah Saugers | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1700 |
David de Silva b. Hezekiah | Amsterdam | 1706, 26 |
David (Israel) del Soto | Amsterdam | 1642 |
David b. Uri (Phoebus) | Amsterdam | 1664, 66 |
Zolkiev | 1705-15 (?) | |
David Valensi | Leghorn | 1650-57 |
David ibn Yaḥya b. Joseph | Constantinople | 1509 |
David b. Yom-Ṭob Deuz | Amsterdam | 1649-53 |
Eleazar (Enoch) Altschul | Prague | 1686, 1705-6 |
Eleazar b. David | Cracow | 1596 |
Eleazar b. Isaac Levi | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1686 |
Eleazar b. Moses Kohen | Amsterdam | 1693 |
Eleazar b. Shabbethai Balgid | Venice | 1586-87 |
Eleazar Sussmann b. Isaac | Amsterdam | 1733 |
Elhanan (Jacob) Archevolti b. Samuel. | Venice | 1602 |
Elhanan b. Naphtali | Amsterdam | 1628 |
Eliakim (Goetz) b. Israel | Homburg | 1724 |
Eliakim b. Jacob | Amsterdam | 1685-1705 |
Eliakim (Goetz) b. Mordecai. | ||
Eliezer (Leser) b. abraham | Jessnitz | 1724-26 |
Eliezer (ibn) Alanstansi b. Abraham. | Ixar | 1487-90 |
Eliezer b. Benjamin of Prossnitz. | Cracow | 1591 |
Prossnitz | 1602 | |
Eliezer of Braunschweig | Sabbionetta | 1567 |
Eliezer Darli | Salonica | 1522 |
Eliezer (Lasi) b. David Emrich | Amsterdam | 1692 |
Eliezer (Leser) Floersheim | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1707, 8, 9 |
Eliezer b. Ḥayyim | Prague | 1610 |
Hanau | 1614, 15 | |
Eliezer Ḥayyut b. Isaac | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1732 |
Eliezer b. Issac Ashkenazi | Constantinople | 1575-76, 86 |
Safed | 1577-79, 87 | |
Eliezer b. Isaac Jacob of Lublin | Lublin | 1646 |
Eliezer b. Isaac b. Napthali | Wilmersdorf | 1727 |
Eliezer b. Isaac of Prague | Lublin | 1556-73 |
Eliezer (Ḥayyim) b. Isaiah Nizza. | Venice | 1657 |
Eliezer (Leser) b. Israel Levi | Amsterdam | 1726, 33 |
Eliezer d'Italia | Mantua | 1612 |
Eliezer b. Jacob | Constantinople | 1670-71 |
Eliezer b. Joseph of Lisk | Wilmersdorf | 1673-75, 77 |
Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1680-81 | |
Eliezer b. Joshua Nehemiah | Wandsbeck | 1732 |
Eliezer Kohen | Cracow | 1593-94 |
Eliezer Liebermann b. Alexander Bingen. | Hanau | 1715 |
Eliezer Liebermann' b. Yiftah Levi. | Amsterdam | 1710 |
Eliezer Lipmann b. Issachar Kohen Hannover. | Amsterdam | 1682 |
Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1683 | |
Eliezer b. Meshullam | Lublin | 1567 |
Prague | 1578 | |
Eliezer b. Meshullam of Lublin | Prague | 1601 |
Eliezer b. Mordecai Reckendorf | Offenbach | 1716 |
Eliezer Provençal b. Abraham b. David. | Mantua | 1596 |
Eliezer b. Samuel | Soncino | 1490 |
Eliezer (Leser) Shuk | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1690-1700 |
Eliezer ibn Shoshan b. David. | ||
Eliezer Supino | Venice | 1718 |
Eliezer Todros | Salonica | 1532-33 |
Eliezer Toledano | Lisbon | 1489-92 |
Eliezer Treves b. Naphtali Hirz | Zurich | 1558 |
Thiengen | 1560 | |
Eliezer Ẓarfati b. Elijah. | ||
Elijah Aboab | Amsterdam | 1644-45 |
Elijah b. Abraham (Israel) b. Jacob Levi. | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1711-12 |
Elijah b. Azriel Wilna | Amsterdam | 1690 |
Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1704-18 | |
Homburg | 1738 | |
Elijah Belin b. Moses (Joseph) | Hamburg | 1663 |
Elijah Galmidi | Constantinople | 1574 |
Elijah (Menahem) Ḥalfan b. Abba Mari. | Venice | 1551 |
Elijah b. Issac Schleifer | Prague | 1612 |
Elijah b. Joseph Frankfort | Verona | 1649 |
Elijah b. Joseph of Samsocz | Amsterdam | 1697 |
Elijah b. Judah Ulma | Hanau | 1611-14 |
Basel | 1622 | |
Hanau | 1623-30 | |
Elijah (Judah de) Leon b. Michael. | Amsterdam | 1659, 66 |
Elijah Levi b. Benjamin | Constantinople | 1503, 9 |
Elijah Levita | Venice | 1525, 29, 32, 38, 45, 46, 47, 48 |
Elijah b. Moses b. Abraham Abinu | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1704-8 |
Elijah Rabbah b. Menahem | Venice | 1604-5 |
Elijah Ricco | Salonica | 1529 |
Elijah b. Simeon Oettingen | Fürth | 1692 |
Elijah Velosinos | Amsterdam | 1664 |
Elijah Zünzburger b. Seligman (Selikmann) b. Moses Simeon Ulma. | Hanau | 1615-17 |
Elijah Zur b. Samuel Ẓuri | Constantinople | 1537 |
Elimelech b. David Melammed of Cracow. | Berlin | 1705 |
Elishama Sifroni b. Israel | Mantua | 1593 |
Venice | 1596, 1601 | |
Mantua | 1612 | |
Ella (bat Moses ben Abraham ?) | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1699-1700 |
Ella bat Ḥayyim | Lublin | 1556 |
Enoch | Prague | 1602 |
Enoch b. Issachar (Baermann) Levi. | Berlin | 1709 |
Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1712 | |
Ephraim Bueno (ben Joseph) | Amsterdam | 1626-28, 30, 48, 50, 52, 61-64 |
Ephraim b. David Patavinus | Mantua | 1589-90 |
Ephraim b. Issac | Mantua | 1563 |
Ephraim b. Jonah of Tarli | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1681 |
Ephraim Kohen | Adrianople | 1555 |
Ephraim Melli b. Mordecai | Mantua | 1676 |
Ephraim b. Pesach of Miedzyboz. | Lublin (?) | 1673 |
Ephraim (Zalman) b. Solomon Reinbach (Rheinbach ?) of Lissa. | Amsterdam | 1699 |
Esther, widow of Elijah Ḥandali. | Constantinople | 1566 |
Ezekiel b. Jacob | Amsterdam | 1695 |
Ezekiel (Moses) b. Jacob | Prague | 1590 |
Ezekiel b. Moses Gabbai | Cracow | 1587-88, 93-94 |
Ezra Alchadib b. Solomon | Venice | 1608-9 |
Ezra b. Mordecai Kohen | Dyhernfurth | 1712, 13, 15, 19, 20, 26 |
Foa (Nathaniel) | Amsterdam | 1702-15 |
Foa (Tobia b. Eliezer) | Sabbionetta | 1551-59 |
Fonseca (Daniel de) | Amsterdam | 1627 |
Franco (Abraham b. Solomon) | Constantinople | 1640-83 |
Franco (Solomon) | Constantinople | 1638-40 |
Frosch, Christian, of Augsburg | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1711 |
Fundam (Isaac) | Amsterdam | 1723-24 |
Gabbai (Abraham b. Jedidiah) | Smyrna | 1657-75 |
Constantinople | 1662 | |
Gabbai (Isaac) | Venice | 1597 |
Gabbai (Jedidiah b. Isaac) | Leghorn | 1650-57 |
Gabriel Levi of Vratislavia | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1725 |
Gabriel Strassburg b. Aaron | Soncino | 1484 |
Gad Conian b. Israel | Constantinople | 1719, 20 |
Gamaliel b. Eliakim (Götz) of Lissa. | Hamburg | 1687 |
Gedaliah (Don Judah) | Lisbon. | |
Salonica | 1515-35 | |
Gedaliah Cordovero b. Moses | Venice | 1587, 88 |
Gedaliah b. Solomon Lipschütz | Venice | 1616 |
Gela (Gella) | Halle | 1709-10 |
Gershon Ashkenazi | Cracow | 1646-47 |
Gershon b. Ḥayyim David Levi | Zolkiev | 1730 |
Gershon Ḥefeẓ b. Kalonymus | Venice | 1627 |
Gershon Poper (or Popper) | Prague | 1610, 11 |
Gershon Wiener b. Naphtali Hirsch | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1690, 96, 98, 1700, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 14, 17, 21, 24 |
Berlin | 1702, 3, 9 | |
Gumpel Kohen b. Jacob Hannover | Amsterdam | 1712 |
Gumprich b. Abraham | Amsterdam | 1717, 21, 25, 26, 27, 28 |
Gütel bat Judah Loeb b. Alexander Kohen. | Prague | 1627 |
Haehndel (Elhanan) b. Ḥayyim Drucker. | Amsterdam | 1711, 13 |
Halicz (Johannes) | Cracow | 1538-39 |
Halicz (Paul) | Cracow | 1540 |
Halicz (Samuel b. Ḥayyim) | Cracow | 1534 |
Hananiah b. Eliezer ha-Shimeoni Sustin. | Constantinople | 1513 |
Salonica | 1521 | |
Hananiah Finzi | Venice | 1587 |
Hananiah b. Jacob Saul | Salonica | 1719 |
Hananiah ibn yaḳḳar | Constantinople | 1573, 78 |
Hananiah Marun | Mantua | 1623-24 |
Hananiah ibn Sikri (Saccari ?) b. Isaiah. | Amsterdam | 1715 |
Ḥayyim b. Abraham | Constantinople | 1719 |
Ḥayyim Alfandari | Constantinople | 1717 |
Ortakeui | 1719 | |
Ḥayyim Alscheich b. Moses | Venice | 1601, 3, 5, 7 |
Ḥayyim Alton b. Moses | Venice | 1522-23, 27 |
Ḥayyim Altschul b. Mordecai (Gumpel) of Prague. | Dessau | 1696-99 |
Dyhernfurth | 1703 | |
Amsterdam | 1708, 9, 10, 10-12, 17-18, 21, 23, 24, 26, 32 | |
Ḥayyim Casino | Constantinople | 1719 |
Ḥayyim Cesarini (Casirino) b. Shabbethai. | Constantinople | 1519 |
Ḥayyim b. David Kohen | Constantinople | 1537 |
Venice | 1546 | |
Ḥayyim b. Ephraim (Gumprecht) of Dessau. | Berlin | 1712, 17 |
köthen | 1717 | |
Jessnitz | 1719 | |
Berlin | 1724 (?) | |
Prague | 1728 (and 35) | |
Sulzbach | 1729 | |
Ḥayyim (Jedidiah) ibn Ezra | Salonica | 1721 |
Ḥayyim Gatigno b. Samuel | Cremona | 1558-60 |
Ḥayyim b. Ḥayyim | Wilmersdorf | 1713, 17, 19 |
Ḥayyim Ḥazzan b. David Ḥazzan | Constantinople | 1717 |
Ḥayyim b. Isaac b. Ḥayyim | Lublin | 1556-67 |
Ḥayyim b. Issac Levi Ashkenazi. | Naples | 1486 |
Ḥayyim b. Israel | Amsterdam | 1709 |
Ḥayyim b. Issachar b. Israel | Prague | 1623-24 |
Ḥayyim b. Jacob Drucker | Amsterdam | 1680-1724 |
Ḥayyim b. Jacob of Hamelburg | Amsterdam | 1670 |
Ḥayyim b. Jacob (Gel Jäkels) Kohen. | Prague | 1603-4 |
Ḥayyim (Mordecai) b. Joseph | ............... | 1477 |
Ḥayyim b. Joseph Kohen | Prague | 1691, 1705-6 |
Ḥayyim b. Judah | Lublin | 1648 |
Prague | 1657, 62-63, 75 | |
Ḥayyim b. Judah (Loeb) | Prague | 1689, 91, 94, 96, 97, 1705-6 |
Ḥayyim b. Judah (Loeb) | Amsterdam | 1695 |
Ḥayyim b. Ḳatriel of Cracow | Prague | 1686 |
Dyhernfurth | 1689, 90, 91, 93, 96, 99 | |
Berlin | 1703-5, 9, 14, 17 | |
Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1717 | |
Ḥayyim Katschigi b. Jacob | Constantinople | 1732 |
Ḥayyim Ḳimḥi b. Jacob | Constantinople | 1714 |
Ḥayyim Lubliner | Amsterdam | 1702 |
Ḥayyim (Shalom) Ma'ali Kohen b. Benjamin. | Constantinople | 1719-20 |
Ḥayyim b. Moses Menahem (Man) Danziger Danzig. | Amsterdam | 1725-26, 26, 39-40 |
Ḥayyim (Selig) b. Nathaniel | ............... | 1697 |
Ḥayyim b. Samuel Ashkenazi | Constantinople | 1561-62 |
Ḥayyim ibn Saruḳ | Venice | 1566, 74 |
Ḥayyim b. Simḥah Ashkenazi Levi | Basel | 1609 |
Ḥayyim b. Solomon Austerlitz | Prague | 1601 |
Ḥayyim Ṭawil b. Moses | Constantinople | 1715-18 |
Ḥayyim b. Ẓebi (Hirsch) Kohen of Kalisz. | Dyhernfurth | 1709, 13, 15 |
Hanau | 1710 | |
Ḥayyim b. Zeeb (Wolf) Levi | Amsterdam | 1674-76, 85 |
Hene (Coelius) of Basel | Prague | 1624 |
Hezekiah Fano | Venice | 1574-75 |
Hezekiah Montro | Venice | 1477 |
Hirsch (Ẓebi) b. Ḥayyim | Wilmersdorf | 1712-38 |
Fürth | 1739-49 | |
Hirz, Gener Eliezer Vindob | Amsterdam | 1712 |
Hirz Levi Rofe | Amsterdam | 1721, 25, 26, 27-68 |
Ḥiyya Meïr b. David | Venice | 1519-22 |
Ḥiyya Pisa | Venice | 1574 |
Hosea Cividal b. Raphael | Venice | 1593-94 |
Immanuel | Zamora | 1492 |
Immanuel ibn Atthar ('Aṭṭar) | Amsterdam | 1686 |
Immanuel b. Gabriel Gallichi | Mantua | 1558-60 |
Immanuel Henriquez b. Joshua | Amsterdam | 1730, 32 |
Isaac | Lublin | 1680 |
Isaac b. Aaron | Prague | 1605 |
Isaac b. Aaron of Prostitz | Cracow | 1569-1612 |
Prossnitz | 1602-5 | |
Isaac b. Aaron Samuel | Prague | 1610 |
Isaac b. Abigdor Levi | Rome | 1518 |
Isaac Aboab | Venice | 1590 |
Isaac Aboab b. David | Amsterdam | 1626-27 |
Isaac Aboab b. Mattithiah. | ||
Isaac b. Abraham | Lublin | 1574-76 |
Isaac b. Abraham Ashkenazi | Lublin | 1597 |
Isaac b. Abraham Ashkenazi | Damascus | 1606 |
Isaac b. Abraham Kohen of Meseritz. | Lublin | 1646 |
Isaac Alfandari b. Abraham | Constantinople | 1711, 16-20 |
Isaac Alnaqua | Venice | 1648 |
Isaac b. Aryeh (Loeb) Dayyan b. Isaac. | Amsterdam | 1727 |
Isaac b. Asher (Ensel = Anschel) of Nerol. | Wandsbeck | 1732 |
Isaac Bassan b. Samuel | Venice | 1560 |
Isaac Benveniste b. Joseph | Hamburg | 1710-11 |
Amsterdam | 1715 | |
Isaac Bingen b. Samuel | Lublin | 1646 |
Venice | 1654 | |
Isaac (Eisak) Bresnitz Levi | Prague | 1623 |
Isaac Bueno de Mesquita b. Joseph. | Amsterdam | 1718 |
Isaac Cansino | Amsterdam | 1685 |
Isaac Cavallino b. Eliezer Patavini of Mantua. | Venice | 1624 |
Isaac Diaz b. Abraham | Amsterdam | 1719 |
Isaac (Eisak) b. Elia of Rogasen. | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1725, 29 |
Isaac (Eisak) b. Elia of Tarli. | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1717 |
Isaac b. Eliakim of Bingen | Amsterdam | 1643-44 |
Isaac (Eisak) Eliezer (Lipman) | Hamburg | 1690 |
Isaac (Eisak) Eliezer b. Isaac of Prague. | Lublin | 1567-68, 70-73 |
Isaac (Jacob) b. Eliezer of Prostitz | Lublin | 1616, 26, 39, 46 |
Isaac (Eisak) b. Elijah of Berlin. | Amsterdam | 1706 |
Isaac b. Elijah of Brzesc | Cracow | 1631 |
Isaac (Meïr) Fraenkel Teomim | Amsterdam | 1676-78 |
Isaac Gakil Salonica | 1594 | |
Isaac Gershon | Venice | 1587-1615 |
Isaac Gershon | Berlin | 1706 |
Isaac b. Gershon of Torbin | Cracow | 1628 |
Isaac b. Ḥayyim of Cracow | Cracow (?) | |
Lublin (?) | 16- | |
Prague (?) | ||
Isaac b. Ḥayyim of Cracow. | Wandsbeck | 1727-30 |
Berlin | 1733 | |
Amsterdam | 1739 | |
Dessau | 1742 | |
Isaac b. Ḥayyim Ḥazzan | Constantinople | 1550 |
Isaac b. Ḥayyim b. Isaac Kohen b. Simson. | Prague | 1655 |
Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1687 | |
Isaac Ḥazzan b. Joseph | Venice | 1567 |
Isaac R. Hoeschels (e., b. Joshua) | Cracow | 1571 |
Isaac Issac Hurwitz Levi b. Meshullam. | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1677, 80 |
Prague | 1688-94, 95 | |
Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1697-99 | |
Prague | 1705-6, 10 | |
Isaac Hurwitz Levi b. Moses Ḥayyim. | Hamburg | 1700-1 |
Isaac b. Isaiah Jehiel | Constantinople | 1654 |
Isaac Israel Isarel | Cracow | 1596 |
Isaac b. Jacob b. Isaac | Venice | 1695, 96, 1700, 2, 5, 6 |
Isaac Jafe b. Israel | Berlin | 1717 |
Isaac Jafe b. Samuel | Venice | 1597-1606 |
Isaac Jare b. David | Mantua | 1718-23 |
Isaac Jeshurun | Smyrna | 1659 |
Isaac (Eisak) b. Jonathan of Posen | Lublin | 1595 |
Isaac (Eisak) b. Joseph (b. Isaac b. Isaiah) | Jessnitz | 1724, 26 |
Dyhernfurth | 1725 | |
Wandsbeck | 1727-32 | |
Isaac (Selig) b. Judah Budin | Dyhernfurth | 1692 |
Zolkiev | 1693 | |
Isaac b. Judah (Loeb) Jüdels Kohen. | Wilmersdorf | 1670-90 |
Sulzbach. | ||
Isaac b. Judah Kohen (Kaz) | Prague | 1648 |
Isaac b. Judah Kohen Wahl of Janospol. | Amsterdam | 1685-87 |
Isaac b. Kalonymus of Bilgoraj | Jessnitz | 1720 |
Isaac (Eisak) b. Kalonymus Kohen | Dyhernfurth | 1725-26, 27 |
Isaac Kaspota | Constantinople | 1505, 9 |
Isaac Katzenellenbogen b. Abraham. | Amsterdam | 1686 |
Isaac (Kohen) de Lara b. Abraham. | Amsterdam | 1699-1704 |
Isaac (Joshua) de Lattes | Rome | 1546 |
Isaac Leon | Venice | 1605 |
Constantinople | 1618 | |
Venice | 1630 | |
Isaac ha-Levi b. Jacob | Venice | 1635, 52 |
Isaac Luria b. Moses | Venice | 1712 |
Isaac Mahler | Prague | 1700 |
Isaac Marquez di Paz | Amsterdam | 1706 |
Isaac Masia | Tannhausen | 1594 |
Isaac b. Meïr Ashkenazi | Amsterdam | 1695 |
Isaac b. Menahem | Cracow | 1534 |
Isaac (Eisak) b. Menahem (Ẓoref) | Cracow | 1638-40, 48 |
Lublin. | ||
Isaac b. Meshullam Posen | Cracow (Novidvor). | 1591 |
Isaac Montalto b. Elijah | Amsterdam | 1637 |
Isaac b. Moses Eckendorf | Basel | 1599 |
Isaac (Eisak) b. Moses Grillingen. | Wilmersdorf | 1732 |
Fürth | 1738-45 | |
Isaac (Eisak) b. Naphtali Didenhofen. | Wilmersdorf | 1726 |
Isaac b. Naphtali (Hirz) Kohen | Amsterdam | 1710, 23-24, 32 |
Isaac Nehemiah | Amsterdam | 1627 |
Isaac Norzi b. Samuel | Mantua | 1593 |
Isaac Nufiez b. David | Amsterdam | 1664 |
Isaac Pacifico b. Asher | Venice | 1712-15 |
Isaac (Lopez) Pereira b. Moses | Amsterdam | 1726, 29 |
Isaac della Pinia b. Abraham | Amsterdam | 1712 |
Isaac Rabbino b. Abraham | Mantua | 1718 |
Isaac Sasportas b. Jacob | Amsterdam | 1685 |
Isaac b. Selig | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1725, 27, 29 |
Isaac Simeon b. Judah (Loeb) of Hechingen. | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1697 . |
Isaac b. Simeon Samuel Levi | Hanau | 1610, 11-14, 23 |
Isaac b. Solomon (Gumi ?) | Constantinople | 1511 |
Isaac b. Solomon (Zalman) | Dyhernfurth | 1695, 96 |
Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1698, 1708, 13, 17, 18, 26 | |
Isaac b. Solomon b. Israel | Wilmersdorf | 1730 |
Isaac Spira b. Nathan | Lublin | 1597 |
Isaac Sullam (Salem ?) b. Joseph | Mantua | 1563, 65 |
Venice | 1568, 1687 | |
Isaac Tausk b. Selig | Prague | 1703, 6, 10, 18-19, 25, 28, 35-36 |
Isaac Treves. b. Gershon | Venice | 1568, 78, 83, 85 |
Isaac Tschelebi b. Elia Polichrono | Venice | 1630 |
Isaac (Elijah) b. Uri Kohen | Prague | 1621 |
Isaac (Eisak) b. Ẓebi (Hirsch) Levi of Kalisz. | Jessnitz. | |
Isaiah Anaw | Basel | 1610 |
Isaiah Ashkenazi | Constantinople | 1719 |
Isaiah b. Isaac b. Isaiah of Woidislaw. | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1717 |
Köthen | 1717 | |
Jessnitz | 1719-20 | |
Isaiah b. Meïr Bunzlau | Cracow | 1594 |
Isaiah b. Moses of Sniatyn | Constantinople | 1711 |
Isaiah Parnas b. Elasar (Eliezer) | Venice | 1529, 31-32 |
Isaiah di Trani b. Joseph | Constantinople | 1641 |
Ishmael Marono | Venice | 1601 |
Israel b. Abraham | Köthen | 1717 |
Jessnitz | 1719-26 | |
Wandsbeck | 1726-33 | |
Jessnitz | 1739-44 | |
Israel Altschul b. Solomon | Prague | 1613, 20 |
Israel Ashkenazi | Pisaur | |
Israel b. Eliakim (Goetz) | Venice | 1704-5 |
Israel b. Ḥayyim Bunzlau | Amsterdam | 1688 |
Israel b. Jedidiah of Leipnik | Lublin | 1619 |
Israel Kohen b. Joseph | Lublin | 1556, 66 |
Israel b. Meïr | Wilmersdorf | 1712 |
Israel b. Moses | Dessau | 1696 |
Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1700 | |
Dessau | 1704 | |
Israel b. Moses b. Abraham | Offenbach | 1719-33 |
Homburg | 1734 | |
Neuwied | 1735-36 | |
Offenbach | 1737-38 | |
Jessnitz | 1739 | |
Israel b. Moses b. Abraham Abinu | Amsterdam | 1694 |
Israel b. Moses of Berlin | Berlin | 1727 |
Israel Sifroni b. Daniel | Sabbionetta. | |
Basel | 1578-81, 83 | |
Freiburg | 1583-84 | |
Venice | 1588, 1604 | |
Israel Ẓarfati of Milhau | Constantinople | 1518 |
Issachar (Baer) b. Aaron b. Isaac Drucker. | Cracow | 1619 |
Issachar (Baer) b. Abraham of Kalisz. | Dessau | 1704 |
Issachar (Baer) b. Eliezer of Minden. | Amsterdam | 1685, 88, 92 -1703, 11 |
Issachar (Dob Baer) b. Gershon Wiener. | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1727-72 |
Issachar (Baer) Ḥazzan | Prague | 1609-10 |
Issachar (Dob Baer) b. Isaac | Lublin | 1680-81 |
Issachar (Baer) b. Issachar Kohen | Fürth | 1691 |
Prague | 1692, 95, 1718-19 | |
Issachar (Dob Baer) b. Judah (Loeb). | Amsterdam | 1725-26, 27, 30, 33 |
Issachar (Baer) b. Nathan Kohen. | Dyhernfurth | 1718-33 |
Issachar Perlhefter | Prague | 1687 |
Issachar b. (Abi Esri) Selke | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1697-99, 1703, 11 |
Berlin | 1712, 14-15, 17 | |
Prague | 1718-20 | |
Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1727, 29 | |
Jabez (Solomon b. Isaac b. Joseph b. Ḥayyim). | Adrianople | 1544 |
Salonica | 1555 | |
Constantinople | 1559-67, 73-75 | |
Jabez Joseph b. Isaac | Adrianople | 1554 |
Salonica | 1563-72, 73-75, 76-84 | |
Jacob b. Aaron Ashkenazi | Venice | 1704 |
Jacob (Koppel) b. (Ḥayyim ?) | Offenbach | 1718 |
Jacob b. Abigdor Levi | Rome | 1518 |
Tridini | 1525 | |
Jacob Aboab b. Abraham | Venice | 1669, 82, 83 |
Jacob Aboab b. Joseph | Venice | 1708, 11 |
Jacob b. Abraham | ............... | 1665-72 |
Jacob b. Abraham Ashkenazi. | Damascus | 1606 |
Jacob b. Abraham Ashkenazi of Ziwatow. | Constantinople | 1648, 52, 54 |
Jacob b. Abraham Ger | Amsterdam. | 1708-9, 9, 12, 13, 15, 21, 22, 25, 28, 30 |
Jacob b. Abraham Israel Ger | Amsterdam | 1664 |
Jacob b. Abraham of Jerusalem | Constantinople | 1719-20 |
Jacob b. Abraham of Leipnik | Cracow | 1618 |
Lublin | 1627, 33-35 | |
Jacob b. Abraham of Lublin | Lublin | 1618-20, 22-27, 33 (35 ?) |
Jacob b. Abraham Moses | Amsterdam | 1661 |
Jacob b. Abraham Polak | Basel | 1598, 99, 1600, 3 |
Jacob b. Abraham of Rowno | Berlin | 1726 |
Jacob b. Abraham Tininger | Basel | 1599 |
Jacob Alfandari b. Ḥayyim | Constantinople | 1670-71 |
Jacob Alvarez-Soto | Amsterdam | 1708-10 |
Jacob (Alnis ?) | Venice | 1621 |
Jacob Auerbach b. Isaac Reis of Vienna. | Sulzbach | 1716-17 |
Jacob Baruch b. Samuel Baruch | Venice | 1656 |
Jacob Basch | Prague | 1627 |
Jacob Bassan b. Abraham | Amsterdam | 1725 |
Jacob Bibas | Constantinople | 1715-16 |
Jacob Broda | Giessen | 1714 |
Jacob Carillo | Amsterdam | 1644 |
Jacob Castelo | Amsterdam | 1661-64 |
Jacob b. David (Gutrath) | Lublin | 1556, 59, 67, 68, 78 |
Jacob b. Eliakim Ashkenazi | Lublin | 1574-76 |
Jacob (Ẓebi) b. Eliezer | Dessau | 1698 |
Berlin | 1699 | |
Jacob b. Eliezer Levi | Venice | 1566 |
Jacob b. Enoch b. Abraham b. Moses Melammed. | Jessnitz | 1720 |
Jacob Florentin | Salonica | 1724 |
Jacob (Ḥai) Florez b. Abraham | Leghorn | 1650 |
Venice | 1651 | |
Jacob Gabbai | Constantinople | 1640-43 |
Jacob of Haag | Amsterdam | 1728, 30 |
Jacob Ḥaber Ṭob | Mantua | 1718-23 |
Jacob ibn Ḥason | Salonica | 1732 |
Jacob b. Ḥayyim | Venice | 1520 |
Jacob b. Ḥayyim | Constantinople | 1711 |
Jacob b. Ḥayyim b. Jacob Erbich | Amsterdam | 1700-26, 32 |
Jacob Ḥazḳuni b. Abraham | Amsterdam | 1694, 1726 |
Jacob b. Hillel of Lublin | Prague | 1675 |
Jacob b. Isaac Gomez | Verona | 1650 |
Jacob b. Isaac Levi | Venice | 1678, 82, 90, 90-91, 96 |
Jacob b. Isaac Levi | Amsterdam | 1688 |
Jacob Israel | Mayence (?) | 1584 |
Jacob b. Issachar (Dob) Cantor | Zolkiev | 1718 |
Jacob Jeshurun | Amsterdam | 1660 |
Jacob b. Joel Levi | Amsterdam | 1701 |
Jacob b. Joseph. | ||
Jacob (Ḥai) b. Joseph (Ḥai) Kohen. | Venice | 1693, 96, 98, 1702, 4, 5, 12-15 |
Jacob b. Judah Noah Kohen Norden. | Amsterdam | 1640 |
Jacob b. Judah Shneor | Amsterdam | 1683 |
Jacob (Koppel) Kohen | Amsterdam | 1715 |
Offenbach | 1718 | |
Jacob Kohen della Man | Venice | 1616 |
Jacob Kulli | Constantinople | 1719, 27, 28, 31 |
Jacob Landau | Naples | 1487 |
Jacob (Koppel) Levi | Sulzbach | 1700 |
Jacob Levi of Tarascon | Mantua | Ante 1480 |
Jacob Lubemila | Amsterdam | 1728 |
Jacob Luẓẓaṭ b. Isaac | Cracow | 1569 |
Jacob Marcaria | Riva di Trento | 1558-62 |
Jacob b. Meïr | Lublin | 1598-99 |
Jacob b. Meïr Hölischau | Cracow | 1608, 17 |
Jacob Mendez da Costa | Wandsbeck | 1733 |
Jacob de Meza | Amsterdam | 1705 |
Jacob b. Mordecai | Amsterdam | 1708 |
Jacob b. Mordecai b. Jacob | Prague | 1597 |
Jacob b. Moses | Amsterdam | 1696 |
Jacob (Ẓebi) b. Moses | Wilmersdorf | 1688-90, 1712-17, 19-22, 26-38 |
Fürth | 1691-97, 1724-26, 38 | |
Sulzbach | 1699-1712, 29 | |
Jacob b. Moses Bohemus | Lublin | 1556, 59, 66 |
Jacob b. Moses Drucker | Amsterdam | 1690 |
Jacob b. Moses Kohen | Hanau | 1710-11 |
Jacob (Eliezer) b. Moses Lesers of Wilna. | Cracow | 1640 |
Jacob b. Moses Levi | Amsterdam | 1690, 95, 97, 99, 1702-3, 4, 6, 5-10, 11-12, 14, 15, 21, 28, 30, 39 |
Jacob b. Moses Levi Josbel | Venice | 1643, 47-48, 57, 61, 67 |
Jacob b. Moses-Loeb Pizker | Prague | 1609 |
Jacob b. Moses of Posen | Dessau | 1698 |
Jacob b. Naphtali | Cracow | 1576-81? |
Jacob b. Naphtali | Fürth | 1723 |
Wilmersdorf | 1728-29, 30 | |
Sulzbach | 1750 | |
Fürth | 1757, 69 | |
Jacob b. Naphtali (Hirsch) | Amsterdam | 1683 |
Dyhernfurth | 1691, 93 | |
Jacob b. Naphtali Kohen of Gazolo | Sabbionetta | 1551 |
Mantua | 1556, 57-60, 60-62 | |
Jacob (Koppel) b. Naphtali (Hirsch) Pas. | Amsterdam | 1726, 30 |
Jacob ibn Phorna b. David | Constantinople | 1710, 11, 13, 14 |
Jacob (Jokew) b. Phinehas Selig | Jessnitz | 1722-26 |
Jacob (Israel) de la Pinia | Amsterdam | 1664, 69 |
Jacob Rewah | Constantinople | 1718 |
Jacob Rodriguez Guadeloupe b. Abraham | Amsterdam | 1663-64, 69, 69 |
Jacob Sagdun | Venice | 1648 |
Jacob b. Samuel | Amsterdam | 1713 |
Jacob b. Samuel (Sanwel) | Fürth | 1722 |
Jacob b. Samuel of Lemberg | Amsterdam | 1697 |
Jacob Saraval b. Joshua Nehemiah | Venice | 1640, 45 |
Jacob Sasportas | Amsterdam | 1651, 53 |
Jacob (Israel) Shalom b. Samuel | Venice | 1709 |
Jacob Sibuyah | Smyrna | 1730, 58 |
Jacob b. Solomon | Amsterdam | 1732 |
Jacob Stabnitz Levi | Prague | 1607 |
Jacob Sullam | Venice | 1614 |
Jacob Ṭabuḥ | Smyrna | 1731 |
Jacob Treves b. Mattathias of Worms. | Prague | 1614-15 |
Jacob b. Uzziel Solomon | Salonica | 1709 |
Jacob Wimpfen b. Eliezer Wimpfen. | Amsterdam | 1689 |
Jacob ibn Yaḳḳar | Constantinople | 1511 |
Jacob b. Ẓebi | Wilmersdorf | 1689-90 |
Jacob b. Ẓebi | Lublin | 1637 |
Amsterdam | 1641, 43 | |
Verona | 1649 | |
Constantinople | 1654 | |
Cracow | 1670 | |
Jacob b. Ẓebi of Fürth | Sulzbach | 1715 |
Jaffe (Ḥayyim b. Kolonymus) | Lublin | 1572-96 |
Jaffe (Joseph [I.] b. Kalonymus). | Lublin | 1572-75 |
Jaffe (Joseph [II.] b. Ẓebi Hirsch Ḳalmanḳes) . | Lublin | 1633 |
Jaffe (Kalonymus [I.]) | Lublin | 1556-97 |
Bistrowitz | 1592 | |
Jaffe (Kalonymus [II.] b. Ẓebi Hirsch Ḳalmanḳes). | Lublin | 1635-46 |
Jaffe (Ẓebi b. [Abraham Ḳalmanḳes] Kalonymus). | Lublin | 1577, 78, 96, 1604-28, 48 |
Jaffe, Sarah, daughter of Kalonymus (II.). | Lublin | 1665 |
Jaffe (Solomon or Zalman b. Jacob Ḳalmanḳes) of Torbin. | Lublin | 1665-85 |
Jedidiah Kohen b. Aryeh Judah Loeb. | Constantinople | 1732 |
Jehiel (Michael b. Judah Loeb of Zolkiev). | Zolkiev | 1718 |
Jehiel (Michael) b. Abraham Zalman Shammash. | Wilmersdorf | 1670 |
Prague | 1674, 78 | |
Weckelsdorf | 1686, 89, 92 | |
Jehiel b. Asher Kohen | Cracow | 1583 |
Jehiel Ashkenazi | Constantinople | 1646-47 |
Jehiel (Michael) b. Baruch | Prague | 1675 |
Jehiel Elia Rafael | Pisaur | 1509-18 |
Jehiel b. Jedidiah | Cracow | 1587 |
Jehiel b. Jekuthiel Kohen Rapa | Venice | 1544-47 |
Jehiel Luria Ashkenazi | Venice | 1601 |
Jehiel (Fishel) b. Menahem Levi Ashkenazi | Smyrna | 1730-31 |
Constantinople | 1734, 36 | |
Jehiel de Monteles b. Solomon | Venice | 1585 |
Jehiel b. Solomon of Verona | Bologna | 1537-40 |
Jehiel (Michael) Stern Kohen b. Wolf. | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1713 |
Hanau | 1715 | |
Jehiel Teshubah | Venice | 1640 |
Jehiel Treves b. David of Galingen | Offenbach | 1717 |
Jehiel b. Ẓebi Hirsch | Amsterdam | 1703, 9 |
Jekuthiel b. Asher | Salonica | 1587 |
Jekuthiel Blitz | Amsterdam | 1659, 60, 61 |
Jekuthiel b. David | Prague | 1597-1618 |
Jekuthiel b. Isaac Dan | Prague | 1512, 15, 18 |
Jekuthiel (Süsskind) b. Isaac of Pinczow. | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1726 |
Offenbach | 1714-26 | |
Jekuthiel (Zalman) b. Katriel of Satanow. | Constantinople | 1654 |
Jekuthiel b. Moses Kohen | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1702 |
Jekuthiel (Kofman) Sanego | Venice | 1600 |
Jekuthiel b. Solomon | Cracow | 1574 |
Jeremiah (Aryeb Loeb) b. Samuel | Fürth | 1694, 98, 1722 |
Jeroham b. Menahem of Slonim | Amsterdam | 1697 |
Jesse Almoli | Smyrna | 1660 |
Joab b. Baruch of Piatelli (?) | Venice | 1665 |
Joel b. Aaron of Fürth | Fürth | 1692-93 |
Joel b. Aaron Levi | Lublin | 1598-99 |
Joel b. Phoebus | Wandsbeck | 1727 |
Johanan b. Aaron Isaac | Amsterdam | 1713 |
Johanan Durante | Venice | 1578 |
Johanan of Meseritz | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1697-99 |
Johanan Treves | Venice | 1545 |
Jonah Abravanel | Amsterdam | 1628, 30, 48, 50, 52 |
Jonah b. Isaac of Strim | Wandsbeck | 1731 |
Jonah b. Jacob Ashkenazi | Constantinople | 1712-42 |
Ortakiewai | 1717-19 | |
Amsterdam | 1721 | |
Smyrna | 1729-41 | |
Jonah b. Judah of Prague | Prague | 1608, 10 |
Jonah (Ḳlavi ?) | Venice | 1666 |
Jonah b. Moses Polak | Amsterdam | 1727, 29, 30, 32, 33, 39 |
Joseph (?) | Venice | 1592 |
Joseph (Jekuthiel Kofman Wahl). | Prague | 1587, 92 |
Joseph (Venturin b. David) | Venice | 1651, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 75 |
Joseph (Maestro) | ............... | 1477 |
Joseph b. Abraham | Prague | 1728 |
Sulzbach | 1729 | |
Amsterdam | 1732 | |
Joseph b. Abraham Benjamin Zeeb. | Amsterdam | 1727 |
Joseph b. Abraham of Jerusalem. | Amsterdam | 1712 |
Joseph b. Alexander Süsskind | Amsterdam | 1677 |
Joseph Algazi | Smyrna | 1671, 83 |
Joseph al-Ḳala'i | Constantinople | 1711 |
Joseph Alnaqua b. Abraham | Salonica | 1520 |
Constantinople | 1522 | |
Joseph (Joseph) Alvalensi b. Abraham. | Venice | 1676, 78 |
Joseph (ibn) Alzaig, the elder | Constantinople | 1643 |
Joseph Alzaig b. Isaac, the younger. | Constantinople | 1511 |
Joseph Amaragi b. Moses | Salonica | 1653 |
Joseph b. Asher of Prague | Prague | 1674-75 |
Joseph Askaloni b. Isaac | Belvedere (Kuru Chesme). | 1593-94, 97-98 |
Joseph b. Benjamin Ḥayyim Levi. | Verona | 1650 |
Joseph Bibas | Constantinople | 1505-22 |
Joseph Caravita b. Abraham | Bologna | 1482 |
Joseph (Simel) Cividal b. Asher | Venice | 1665 |
Joseph Crasnik of Rakow | Prague | 1732 |
Joseph di Crasto | Salonica | 1522 |
Joseph ibn Danan b. Jacob. | Venice | 1615, 17-19 |
Joseph b. Daniel | Cracow | 1587-88 |
Joseph b. Eliakim b. Naphtali | Venice | 1606 |
Joseph b. Eliezer Ḥalfan | Basel | 1602 |
Joseph b. Eliezer Ḥazzan of Posen | Basel | 1602 |
Joseph Elkeser b. Benjamin | Berlin (?) | 1699-1700 |
Joseph b. Ephraim (Hungarus) | Lublin | 1577 |
Joseph Epstein b. Benjamin Zeeb Wolf Levi. | Berlin | 1713 |
Joseph Esobi b. Judah b. Solomon | Venice | 1621 |
Joseph Falcon b. Solomon Zalman | Constantinople | 1710 |
Joseph Franco Serrano | Amsterdam | 1680, 83 |
Joseph Fürst | Hamburg | 1716, 18 |
Joseph Gabbai | Constantinople | 1512 |
Joseph b. Gershon of Torbin | Lublin | 1627, 30 |
Joseph (Iseppo) Goa | Padua | 1640 |
Joseph ibn Ḥassan b. Solomon | Salonica | 1732 |
Joseph b. Ḥayyim Gumpels | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1677, 80, 86 |
Prague | 1691-92, 94-95, 1700-1 | |
Joseph b. Ḥayyim Ḳaddish | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1688 |
Joseph Ḥazzan | Venice | 1566, 67 |
Joseph b. Immanuel Kohen | Salonica | 1517 |
Joseph b. Isaac b. Isaiah Woidislaw. | Dyhernfurth | 1696, 97, 1700, 3, 4-5, 13, 16, 18, 20 |
Joseph b. Isaac b. Jehiel | Venice | 1544 |
Joseph b. Isaac Kohen | Constantinople (?) | 1547 |
Joseph b. Israel | Constantinople | 1518 |
Joseph b. Israel (b.?) Hirsch | Prague | 1691 |
Joseph b. Issachar Baer | Prague | 1616, 21 |
Joseph ibn Jacob | Lublin | 1618-20 |
Joseph ibn Jacob Ashkenazi | Naples | 1487-90 |
Joseph ibn Jacob Braunschweig | Basel | 1609 |
Joseph b. Jacob Kohen | Venice | 1657, 59-60, 61, 75, 85, 1709, 12-15 |
Joseph ibn Jaḳḳar | Schenhausen | 1544 |
Joseph b. Jekuthiel Zalman | Berlin | 1715 |
Joseph (Jospe) b. Joseph But Levi | Prague. | |
Joseph b. Joshua (Hoeschel) Kohen. | Offenbach | 1721 |
Joseph (Jospe) b. Judah | Lublin | 1598-99 |
Joseph Ḳabiẓi b. Ayyid | Constantinople | 1515 |
Joseph Khalfon | Lisbon | 1491 |
Joseph Kohen | Constantinople | 1509 |
Joseph b. Kutiel | Dessau | 1698 |
Joseph de Leon b. Solomon Israel. | Venice | 1690-91, 93, 94 |
Joseph b. Manasseh b. Israel | Amsterdam | 1646-47, 47, 48 |
Joseph (Solomon) b. Mendel Plotzkers. | Cracow | 1642-44 |
Joseph b. Meshullam Phoebus Ḥazzan. | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1701-2 |
Joseph Meṭaṭron | Salonica. | |
Joseph b. Michael Nehemiah | Hamburg | 1711 |
Joseph b. Molcho | Venice | 1589 |
Joseph b. Mordecai Gershon | Cracow | 1571 |
Joseph b. Mordecai Kohen | Amsterdam | 1708 |
Joseph b. Moses Levi of Hamburg. | Amsterdam | 1692-93, 99, 1702, 3-6, 11, 14, 16, 18-19, 26, 30 |
Joseph b. Moses Reviẓi (Rachiẓi ?) | Venice | 1528-29 |
Joseph Mubḥar Sefardi | Constantinople | 1509 |
Joseph b. Naphtali (Treves ?) | Zurich | 1558 |
Thiengen | 1560 | |
Joseph b. Naphtali of Konskawola | Amsterdam | 1648 |
Joseph b. Nathan | Fürth | 1726 |
Joseph Nissim | Ferrara | 1693 |
Joseph de Noves b. Judah b. Samuel. | Venice | 1605 |
Joseph Oberlaender | Venice | 1701 |
Joseph Ottolengo | Riva di Trenta | 1558-60 |
Joseph Pardo | Venice | 1597-1606 |
Joseph (Solomon) Pinia | Leghorn | 1657 |
Joseph ibn Piso | Naples | 1492 |
Joseph Porjes b. Judah Loeb | Amsterdam | 1709 |
Joseph Samega | Venice | 1587 |
Joseph (b.?) (Moses) b. Samson | Venice | 1598 |
Joseph b. Samuel Levi | Constantinople | 1546-47 |
Joseph ibn Saruḳ b. Ḥayyim | Venice | 1591, 1607-8 |
Joseph Sason | Constantinople | 1726 |
Joseph Sason b. Aaron of Gallipoli. | Venice | 1618 |
Joseph Sason b. Jacob | Venice | 1584, 98-1600 |
Joseph b. Shabbethai Bass | Dyhernfurth | 1707-18 |
Joseph Shalliṭ | ............... | 1550-73 |
Joseph ibn Shoshan | Constantinople | 1520-22 |
Joseph Sid b. Isaac | Salonica | 1529, 35 |
Joseph b. Simeon | Amsterdam | 1717 |
Joseph (Dob Baer) b. Solomon | Dyhernfurth | 1713, 15, 17, 19 |
Joseph b. Solomon b. Isaiah Nizza | Venice | 1711, 12 |
Joseph (Sofer) b. Solomon Levi | Cracow | 1597-98 |
Joseph (Ḥayyim) Strasburg b. Aaron. | Bologna | 1482 |
Joseph (Jospe) Trier Kohen | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1690-1715 |
Joseph Trillinger b. Eliezer | ............... | 1707 |
Joseph Wehle b. Solomon | Amsterdam | 1685-87 |
Zolkiev | 1693-96 | |
Berlin | 1699, 1700, 17 | |
Joseph of Witzenhausen | Amsterdam | 1644, 47-48, 68-70, 73, 76, 79-86 |
Joseph ibn Yaḥyah b. Tam | Constantinople | 1542, 43 |
Joseph b. Zalman Shneor | Fürth | 1691-92, 98 |
Joseph b. (Solomon) Zalman of Wilna | Amsterdam | 1726, 27, 29 |
Joseph Ẓarfati | Amsterdam | 1693, 1702 |
Joseph Ẓarfati b. Judah of Ẓafat | Lublin | 1613 |
Joseph Ẓarfati b. Samuel | Venice | 1525 |
Joseph (Josbel) b. Ẓebi | Offenbach | 1716-19 |
Joshua (Elhanan) b. Abraham Joseph. | Venice | 1730 |
Joshua Falk of Lissa | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1697-99 |
Joshua b. Israel | Lublin | 1619-28 |
Joshua (Gershon) Levi | Mantua | 1672 |
Joshua b. Meïr Levi of Schwersenz. | Wilmersdorf | 1727 |
Joshua b. Michael of Sezze | Mantua | 1718-32 |
Joshua da Silva | Amsterdam | 1666-67 |
Joshua Sin (?). | ||
Joshua (Hoeschel) b. Solomon Kohen. | Offenbach | 1719 |
Joshua Sonina | Constantinople | 1717, 19 |
Joshua (Falk) b. Zalman of Wiscnowicz. | Constantinople | 1710-11 |
Joshua Ẓarfati (Gallus) | Amsterdam | 1658-59, 66 |
Josiah b. Abigdor of Kalisz | Berlin | 1699, 1700 |
Josiah Mizraḥi | Constantinople | 1711 |
Judah (Loeb) b. Aaron of Prague | Prague | 1691, 95, 1700, 1, 7, 10 |
Judah (Loeb) b. Abraham | Cracow | 1642-44 |
Judah Abudienti | Amsterdam | 1675 |
Judah Albelda b. Moses | Venice | 1600-1, 2 |
Judah b. Alexander Kohen | Prague | 1602, 3-4, 5, 6, 9-10, 10, 11, 13, 14, 35, 48 |
Lublin | 1630, 39 | |
Cracow | 1631 | |
Judah b. Alexander Levi of Worms. | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1697 |
Judah (Loeb) b. Asher Anschel Abigdor. | Prague | 1669 |
Cracow | 1670 | |
Judah (Loeb) b. Baruch Wahl | Dyhernfurth | 1725 |
Judah Bassan b. Samuel | Verona | 1650 |
Judah b. Benjamin Zeeb | Prague | 1688 |
Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1691 | |
Judah of Berlin | Amsterdam | 1682 |
Judah Briel | Mantua | 1672, 94-95 |
Judah (Lewa) b. David | Prague | 1615 |
Judah b. David b. Judah | Cracow | 1644 |
Judah b. David (Isaac Saekel) Levi of Fürth | Berlin | 1709 |
Judah b. David Reuben | Venice | 1661 |
Judah b. Eleazar Lubemila | ............... | 1603 |
Judah (Selig) b. Eliezer Lipman Kohen of Zolkiev. | Zolkiev | 1721, 33 |
Judah (Loeb) Ginzburg. | ||
Judah b. Hananiah Castoriano | Constantinople | 1732 |
Judah Ḥazzan | Smyrna | 1730 |
Judah (Loeb) Hurwitz Levi of Prague. | Sulzbach | 1688 |
Judah b. Isaac | Prague | 1660, 62 |
Judah (Loeb) b. Isaac Brzesc | Amsterdam | 1713 |
Judah (Loeb) b. Isaac Joel | Amsterdam | 1712 |
Judah (Loeb) b. Isaac Jüdels Kohen (Kaẓ). | ............... | 1619-20, 20, 22, 23, 24, 28 |
Judah b. Isaac Levi | Mantua | 1623 |
Judah b. Isaac Levi Ashkenazi | Venice | 1544-47, 48 |
Mantua | 1561 | |
Judah (Loeb) b. Isaac of Tikotin | Lublin | 1619 |
Judah b. Israel Samuel Kohen | Prossnitz | 1603 |
Judah b. Issachar Kohen | Wilmersdorf | 1673-75 |
Judah (Loeb) b. Jacob of Prostitz. | Lublin | 1602-5, 9, 11, 13, 14, 19 |
Judah (Loeb) b. Jacob Wandsbeck of Krotoschin. | Hamburg | 1686, 88, 90 |
Judah (Loeb) b. Joel b. Eliezer. | ............... | 1724 |
Judah (Loeb) b. Joel Levi | Amsterdam | 1698 |
Judah b. (Joseph) Josbel Wetzlar | Offenbach | 1720 |
Judah (Loeb) b. Joseph | Wilmersdorf | 1671, 73-74, 80, 81-82, 85-86, 88-90 |
Judah (Loeb) b. Joseph | Cracow | 1592, 94, 99 |
Judah (Loeb) b. Joseph | Berlin | 1699-1700 |
Judah b. Joseph Levi | Constantinople | 1716 |
Judah b. Joseph Obadiah | Constantinople | 1666 |
Judah (Aryeh Loeb) b. Joseph Samuel | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1713 |
Judah (Loeb) b. Judah Joseph | Amsterdam | 1700 |
Judah (Loeb) b. Judah Kohen | Lublin | 1626-35 |
Judah Karo b. Joseph | Salonica | 1597 |
Judah (Loeb) Klesmer b. Wolf | Berlin | 1701, 7 |
Judah (Loeb) b. Ẓebi of Janow | Jessnitaz | 1722-23 |
Judah Lapapa b. Isaac | Smyrna | 1674 |
Judah Luria b. Johanan | Amsterdam | 1700-10 |
Judah (Aryeh Loeb) of Lublin | Cracow | 1571 |
Judah (Aryeh Loeb) Maeler b. Joseph. | Amsterdam | 1663 |
Judah di Medina b. Moses Sustin. | Salonica | 1614 |
Judah (Loeb) b. Meïr | Hambarg | 1687 |
Judah (Loeb) b. Menahem | Dyhernfurth | 1749 |
Judah (Loeb) b. Menahem Nahum Kaẓ. | Prague | 1686 |
Judah di Modena | ............... | 1595-1648 |
Judah (Loeb) b. Mordecai Gumpel | Amsterdam | 1631-32, 37, 40, 42, 43-46, 53, 58, 61-64 |
Judah (Loeb) b. Mordecai b. Judah. | Dyhernfurth | 1719 |
Judah (Saltaro) b. Moses de Fano. | Venice | 1602 |
Judah (Loeb) b. Moses Jacob of Leipnik. | Prague | 1608, 13, 18, 24 |
Judah (Loeb) b. Moses Schedel | Prague | 1602, 3, 4, 5, 6-7, 8, 9, 13 |
Judah (Aryeh Loeb) b. Naphtali (Hirsch). | Amsterdam | 1690 |
Judah b. Nathan of Cracow | Cremona | 1565 |
Judah (Loeb) Nikolsburg | ............... | 1700 (?) |
Judah Perez | Venice | 1706-11 |
Judah Pesaro | Pesaro | 1505 |
Judah Rosanes | Constantinople | 1719 |
Judah (Loeb) b. Sara | Amsterdam | 1701 |
Judah Sason b. Joseph | Constantinople | 1514, 15, 16 |
Judah (Loeb) Schnapper | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1710 |
Judah (Gur Aryeh) b. Shalom | Naples | 1492 |
Judah Shamu | Venice | 1665 |
Judah b. Simḥah | Cracow | 1592-93 |
Judah (Loeb Rofe) b. Simeon | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1677 |
Judah b. Solomon Kohen Lipschütz. | Lublin | 1622 (17-?) |
Judah ibn Ya'ish | Venice | 1705 |
Kalonymus b. Isaac b. Isaiah of Woidislaw | Prossnitz | 1711 |
Dyhernfurth | 1712, 13, 15, 19, 20, 26 | |
Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1717 | |
Kalonymus b. Isaac of Zloczow | Dyhernfurth | 1703 |
Kalonymus (Kalman) b. Judah Ashkenazi. | Constantinople | 1719, 20 |
Kalonymus (Kalman) b. Judah (Loeb) Kalisch. | Amsterdam | 1721 |
Kalonymus b. Ẓebi (Hirsch) Kohen b. Kalonymus. | Dyhernfurth | 1703, 5, 7, 12-13, 19 |
Katriel b. Jekuthiel Zalman of Satanow. | Constantinople | 1648 |
Katriel b. Ẓebi Szidlower | Cracow | 1638-39, 42 |
Lublin | 1645 | |
Cracow | 1666, 70 | |
Kaẓ | Prague | 1682, 85, 89, 92-95, 98-1700, 2, 6 |
Kaẓ | Prague | 1687-1726, 35 |
Kaẓ (Aaron b. Israel) | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1677, 80 |
Prague | 1695 | |
Kaẓ (Bezaleel b. Mordecai) | Prague | 1569, 78, 85-90 (92?) |
Kaẓ (David b. Aaron b. Israel) | Prague | 1701, 3, 8 |
Kaẓ (Geronim b. Solomon) | Prague | 1526 |
Kaẓ (Gershon [II.] b. Israel | Prague | 1569 |
Kaẓ (Gershon [III.] b. Joseph bezaleel). | Prague | 1586, 89, 95-96, 1600, 8, 9, 10 |
Kaẓ (Israel b. Judah [Loeb] | Prague | 1652 (?) |
Kaẓ (Judah b. Gershon) | Prague | 1541 |
Kaẓ (Judah b. Jacob) | Prague | 1624 |
Kaẓ (Mordecai b. Gershon) | Prague | 1529-90 |
Kaẓ (Mordecai [II.] b. Gershon) | Prague | 1608, 20, 23, 24 |
Kaẓ (Moses b. Gershon) | Prague | 1533-34, 35, 36, 40, 41, 49-50, 56 |
Kaẓ (Moses [II.] b. Joseph Bezaleel). | Prague | 1592-94, 99-1635, 47 (?), 48 (?) |
Kaẓ (Pesaḥ b. Mordecai) | Prague | 1556-69 |
Kaẓ (Samuel b. Mordecai) | Prague | 1569, 78 |
Kaẓ (Solomon [I.] b. Gershon | Prague | 1529, 30, 33-34, 35, 36, 40 |
Kaẓ (Solomon [III.] b. Gershon). | Prague | 1608 |
Kaẓ (Solomon [II.] b. Mordecai). | Prague | 1569, 80-81, 85-88, 90, 92-94 |
Kaz Gershon (I.) | Prague | 1515, 18, 22, 26, 29, 30, 41 |
Klessner (Georg) of Leipsic | Jessnitz | 1720 |
Koffman b. Asher of Lubin | Constantinople | 1711 |
Kosmann Emrich b. Elijah Cleve | Amsterdam | 1688-89, 92-97 |
Lemberger (Abraham b. Simeon Heide). | Prague | 1610, 12, 13-28 |
Leon-Templo (Isaac b. Solomon Judah). | Amsterdam | 1726 |
Leon-Templo (Solomon) | Amsterdam | 1726-27, 30, 31 |
Leon-Templo (Solomon Judah Raphael b. Jacob). | Amsterdam | 1697-99, 1703 |
Levi | Venice | 1602 |
Levi Laniado (and Isaac Laniado). | Venice | 1657 |
Levi b. Süsschen | Amsterdam | 1701 |
Levi Tilio | Constantinople | 1652 |
Licht (Johann) | Hamburg | 1715 |
Lima b. Naphtali of Fürth | Amsterdam | 1711 |
Lipmann b. Abraham | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1688 |
Mahalalel b. Menahem Isaac Levi | Mantua | 1713, 24 |
Mahrim b. (Moses) Jacob Maarssen. | Amsterdam | 1710, 15, 20 |
Mahrim b. Jacob b. Moses Levi | Amsterdam | 1726-29, 30, 35, 39-40, 46 |
Manasseh b. Israel | Amsterdam | 1626-40 |
Manasseh (Jacob) b. Judah Levi of Lubemil. | Cracow | 1590 |
Manasseh Kazin b. Solomon | Venice | 1599-1600 |
Margalita (Aaron) | Halle | 1711 |
Masus b. Alexander | Amsterdam | 1730 |
Meïr | Verona | 1647 |
Meïr b. Asher | Venice | 1565, 74 |
Meïr b. David | Prague | 1512, 15, 18, 22, 26, 29 |
Meïr b. David b. Benjamin | Hamburg | 1715, 20 |
Meïr b. David of Kulk | Lublin | 1627 |
Cracow | 1642-44 | |
Meïr b. Eliezer Lipman Kaẓ (Kohen). | Prossnitz | 1711 |
Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1717 | |
Dyhernfurth | 1718-20 | |
Meïr b. Ephraim | Mantua | 1557-60, 63-87 |
Meïr b. Epstein b. Jacob Levi | Prague | 1515, 18, 22 |
Meïr Friedburg | Hanau | 1719 |
Meïr Gans b. Menahem | Prague | 1647 (?) |
Meïr (Menahem) Ḥabib b. Joseph. | Venice | 1657 |
Meïr Heilbronn (Heilpron) b. Moses. | Cremona | 1557-58 |
Mantua | 1563 | |
Meïr b. Isaac of Loktsch | Sulzbach | 1702 |
Meïr b. Jacob Koppel | Hamburg | 1711 |
Meïr b. Joseph (Jospe) Kohen of Hamburg. | Offenbach | 1717 |
Meïr b. Manasseh Nikolsburg | Prague | 1680 |
Meïr Melli | Venice | 1617-19 |
Meïr b. Mordecai Levi | Lublin | 1568 |
Meïr b. Naphtali Kossowitz | Prague | 1691 |
Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1698 | |
Prague | 1709, 13, 14, 28, 35-36 | |
Meïr Oettingen | Offenbach | 1722 |
Meïr Oppenheim b. Abraham b. Baer. | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1697 |
Meïr Parenz | Venice | 1545-75 |
Meïr b. Pethahiah | Lublin | 1643 |
Meïr Rofe b. Ḥiyya Rofe | Venice | 1657 |
Meïr ibn Schangi | Constantinople | 1586 |
Meïr b. Selig of Kalisch | Halle | 1710 |
Meïr b. Shalom | Lublin | 1568 |
Meïr b. Solomon | Lublin | 1681 |
Meïr b. Wolf Schwab | Amsterdam | 1722-24 |
Meïr (ibn) Yaḥya b. Joseph | Fano | 1506 |
Meïr b. Zechariah | Venice | 1639-61 |
Meisel(s)(s) (Judah Loeb b. Simḥah Bonem). | Lublin | 1648 |
Cracow | 1663-70 | |
Meisels (Menahem) | Lublin | 1623-27 |
Cracow | 1631-59 | |
Meisels (Tchernah bat Menahem) | Cracow | 1638-39, 46 |
Menahem b. Aaron Polacco | Venice | 1704-5, 8, 11, 12, 19, 28, 30, 60 |
Menahem b. Abraham Kohen | Venice | 1648 |
Menahem (Mannes) b. Abraham Kohen of Glogad. | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1694 |
Menahem b. Abraham of Modena. | Bologna | 1537-40 |
Menahem Azariah | Venice | 1589 |
Menahem (Mendel) b. Bezaleel of Lublin. | Lublin | 1665, 72, 80-81 |
Menahem (Mendel) Bloch b. Moses | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1713 |
Menahem Crispin | Salonica | 1709 |
Menahem Dayyan | Constantinople | 1525 |
Menahem (Man) b. Eliezer | Amsterdam | 1699 |
Menahem (Jacob) b. Eliezer Judah Ashkenazi. | Venice | 1606 |
Menahem (Mandel) Grünhut b. David. | Hanau | 1717 |
Menahem (Mendel) b. (Bär) Hirschel. | Prague | 1689-90, 92, 1701 |
Berlin | 1703 | |
Prague | 1714, 20, 28, | |
Menahem (Man) b. Isaac (Jacob) of Prague. | Prague | 1668 |
Wilmersdorf | 1671, 73-74, 80, 81 | |
Sulzbach | 1684-88 | |
Dyhernfurth | 1689-90, 93 | |
Menahem Mendel b. Isaac Levi. | Cracow | 1587-88 |
Menahem (Mendel) b. Israel Kohen Jaroslaw of Lemberg. | Amsterdam | 1690 |
Menahem b. Jacob of Cracow | Venice | 1712 |
Menahem (Man) b. Jacob Jekuthiel. | Wandsbeck | 1732 |
Altona | 1735 | |
Menahem b. (Noah) Jacob Kohen of Norden. | Amsterdam | 1649, 76 |
Menahem Jaffe b. Isaac | Venice | 1631 |
Constantinople | 1648 | |
Venice | 1657 | |
Menahem (Manusch) b. Judah | Hanau | 1712 |
Sulzbach | 1716-17 | |
Fürth | 1723-26 | |
Offenbach | 1729 | |
Homburg | 1734 | |
Menahem b. Meïr Wilna | Amsterdam | 1663, 69 |
Menahem Mendel Korchman b. Samuel Kohen. | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1701-2 |
Menahem b. Moses Israel | Prague | 1549-50 |
Ferrara | 1555 | |
Menahem (Mendel) b. Nathan Eisenstadt. | Prague | 1705 |
Menahem de Rossi b. Azariah | Mantua | 1565 |
Menahem b. Samuel Esra | ............... | 1614 |
Menahem (Man) b. Solomon Levi. | Amsterdam | 1724-27, 32, 33, 38-39 |
Menahem Stummer Kohen | Prague | 1686-90 |
Menahem Trinḳi b. David | Venice | 1622 |
Menahem (Manle b. Judah Loeb) of Wilmersdorf. | Dyhernfurth | 1690-91 |
Sulzbach | 1701 | |
Hanau | 1710-12 | |
Wilmersdorf | 1713-14 | |
Berlin | 1716-17 | |
Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1717 | |
Meshullam (Phoebus) b. Aaron Ḥayyaṭ. | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1703, 12, 25, 29 |
Meshullam (Zalman) b. Aaron b. Uri. | Sulzbach | 1716-17, 22, 67 (?) |
Meshullam (Zalman) b. Abraham Berech Pinkerle. | Amsterdam | 1683, 84-85, 85 |
Venice | 1700, 4 | |
Meshullam Ashkenazi | Venice | 1685 |
Meshullam Bassan | Venice | 1587 |
Meshullam Cusi | Piove di Sacco. | 1475 |
Meshullam Cusi Levi | Venice | 1614 |
Meshullam (Phoebus) b. Elijah | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1709, 11-12, 29, 32 |
Meshullam Gentile b. Moses | Mantua | 1673 |
Meshullam (Phoebus Zalman) Hurwitz. | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1703, 5, 8, 11-12, 13, 29 |
Meshullam Hurwitz Levi | Prague | 1647, 48, 63 |
Wilmersdorf | 1671, 73 | |
Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1677 | |
Sulzbach | 1695-96 (?) | |
Meshullam (Phoebus) b. Isaac | Amsterdam | 1715 |
Meshullam (Kofmann) b. Shemaiah. | Venice | 1515-46, 49, 52 |
Meshullam b. Solomon | Lublin | 1556, 59, 66 |
Meshullam Sullam (Salem?) b. Isaac. | Mantua | 1589-90 |
Michael b. Abraham | Berlin | 1699-1700 |
Michael Diaz Mocatto | Leghorn | 1650-52, 55-57 |
Michael G'acon (?) | Constantinople | 1732 |
Michael Hanau b. Solomon | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1717, 20 |
Michael b. Ḥayyim Talmesingen. | Fürth | 1727 |
Michael b. Yom-Ṭob Kohen | Salonica | 1732 |
Mordecai | Verona | 1647 |
Mordecai b. Abraham of Posen | Offenbach | 1718 |
Mordecai b. Abraham Teimer of Zolkiev. | Dyhernfurth | 1715 |
Amsterdam | 1717-18, 20 | |
Mordecai Alfandari b. Shabbethai | Constantinople | 1719, 23 |
Mordecai of Ansbach | Fürth | 1692-93, 1701 |
Mordecai ibn 'Aṭṭhar b. Reuben | Amsterdam | 1721 |
Mordecai Azulai b. Moses | Amsterdam | 1693, 97 |
Mordecai b. Baruch of Tivoli. | Venice | 1585 |
Mordecai b. Benjamin Zeeb of Cracow. | Prague | 1657 |
Cracow | 1670 | |
Mordecai b. David | Prague | 1512 |
Mordecai (Gumpel) b. Eleazar Hendels. | ||
Mordecai Gener Baermann Halberstadt. | Amsterdam | 1712 |
Mordecai b. Jacob of Prostitz | Lublin | 1596, 1602-5 |
Prague | 1608, 9 | |
Hanau | 1610 | |
Basel | 1622 | |
Hanau | 1623-25 | |
Mordecai (Baer) Jakerl | Prague | 1705 |
Mordecal b. Jehiel Michael Slawa tich. | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1690 |
Mordecai b. Joseph Judah Wahl | Basel | 1611-12 |
Mordecai (Gumpel) b. Judah Loeb (b. Mordecai) Polak. | Amsterdam | 1648-50, 50-51, 53, 56, 58, 60-64, 66, 67, 70-71, 83, 89 |
Mordecai b. Moses Levi | Basel | 1580 |
Mordecai b. Moses Menahem Nahum. | Berlin | 1703 |
Prague | 1705-6, 9-10 | |
Mordecai b. Naphtali | Basel | 1612 |
Mordecai b. Naphtall Hirz | Fürth | 1692 |
Amsterdam | 1702 | |
Mordecai b. Reuben Basla | Soncino | 1489 |
Mordecai Saul b. Samuel Saul | Venice | 1607 |
Mordecai b. Shabbethai | Basel | 1598, 1618-19 |
Mordecai b. Simḥah | Venice | 1576 |
Mordecai Sofer of Prague | Prague | 1512 |
Mordecai b. Solomon | Amsterdam | 1732 |
Moses (b....?) | Lublin | 1646 |
Moses (Moses b. Moses ?) | Cracow | 1586, 92-93 |
Moses b. (Aaron?) of Zolkiev | Zolkiev | 1718 |
Moses b. Aaron Ashkenazi | Constantinople | 1652 |
Moses b. Aaron Kohen of Witmund. | Amsterdam | 1727 |
Moses b. Aaron of Worms | Amsterdam | 1650, 53, 56-57, 58, 61-63, 64-66, 70-71, 80 |
Moses b. Abraham Abinu | Amsterdam | 1686, 87, 90-94 |
Halle | 1709-14 | |
Moses b. Abraham Kohen | Wilmersdorf | 1721-23, 27-28, 30, 32 |
Moses b. Abraham of Leipnik | Lublin | 1619 |
Moses b. Abraham Nathan | Lublin | 1636 (?) |
Moses Abulafia | Venice | 1587 |
Moses b. Alexander Levi | Basel | 1610 |
Moses Alfalas | Venice | 1598-1600 |
Moses Altaras | Venice | 1619 |
Moses (Nathaniel) Altschul b. Aaron Freund of Prague. | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1697-99 |
Moses Amarillo b. Solomon | Salonica | 1719, 22 |
Moses (Isaac) b. Assher | Prague | 1668, 1673-75 |
Moses b. Asher Kohen of Halle | Jessnitz | 1725 |
Moses (Simeon) Basilia b. Shabbethai. | Verona | 1652 |
Moses Belmonte | Amsterdam | 1644-45 |
Moses Benveniste | Venice | 1647 |
Moses Ben-Ẓion | Mantua | 1667 |
Moses (ibn Yaḳḳar) Brandon | Amsterdam | 1708-10 |
Moses Carillo | Smyrna | 1659 |
Moses Corcos | Venice | 1606 (?) |
Moses b. Daniel of Rohatyn | Zolkiev | 1693 |
Moses b. David | Amsterdam | 1723 |
Moses Diaz b. Isaac | ............... | 1706-13(15?) |
Moses Dorheim | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1719, 23 |
Moses b. Eliezer | Venice | 1614 |
Moses b. Eliezer | Cracow | 1640 |
Moses b. Eliezer of Wilna | Lublin | 1622 |
Moses b. Ezra | Cracow | 1571 |
Moses Facilino b. Samuel | Constantinople | 1516 |
Moses Falcon b. Samuel | Salonica | 1719-29, 32 |
Moses Frankfurter | Amsterdam | 1721 |
Moses Gabbai | Venice | 1578 |
Moses Gabbai | Salonica | 1658 |
Moses Gifrut | Smyrna | 1730, 58, 64 |
Moses Gomez Mesquita b. Isaac | Amsterdam | 1707-8 |
Moses Ḥabib | Naples | 1488 |
Moses Ḥagiz | Venice | 1703-4 |
Amsterdam | 1708-14 | |
Wandsbeck | 1726-33 | |
Moses b. Ḥalifah Sa'adia | Venice | 1711 |
Moses Ḥalimi b. Solomon | Constantinople | 1518 |
Moses Hamon b. Joseph | Constantinople | 1515, 16, 46 |
Moses Hausen b. Joseph Moses | Sulzbach | 1684-85, 88 |
Fürth | 1701 | |
Moses (David) Hausen b. Zalman. | Venice | 1704-5 |
Moses (David Tebele) b. Ḥayyim Koethen. | Wandsbeck | 1723 |
Moses b. Ḥayyim of Tikotin | Offenbach | 1722 |
Moses Heilprin b. Phinehas | Amsterdam | 1650, 62 |
Moses Hock b. Isaac | Prague | 1694 |
Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1698 | |
Berlin | 1699-1701 | |
Prague | 1710, 18-20 | |
Moses b. Isaac | Naples | 1492 |
Moses b. Isaac | Constantinople | 1716-17, 19 |
Salonica | 1719, 31 | |
Moses b. Isaiah b. Isaac | Cracow | 1604 |
Moses b. Israel (Isser) Lasar Cracow. | Lublin | 1636 |
Cracow | 1646 | |
Moses b. Issachar (Baermann) Wink. | Amsterdam | 1725-26, 26-27, 32-33, 39-40 |
Moses b. Jacob Gelhaar of Prague | Prague | 1609-10, 13, 14, 16 (17?), 20, 23 |
Moses b Jacob Maarsen Levi of Amsterdam. | Altona | 1728 |
Hamburg | 1741 | |
Rödelheim | 1753 | |
Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1756 | |
Metz | 1764 | |
Moses b. Jacob of Slutzk | Jessnitz | 1724 |
Moses Jaffe | Venice | 1645 |
Moses b. Jonah Gamburg | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1722-28 |
Moses b. Joseph | Lublin | 1642, 48 |
Moses b. Joseph | Amsterdam | 1695 |
Moses b. Joseph Aryeh | Venice | 1606 |
Moses b. Joseph (b. Isaac Isaiah of Woidislaw). | Prossnitz | 1711 |
Dyhernfurth | 1719 | |
Jessnitz | 1720-26 | |
Dyhernfurth | 1726 | |
Wandsbeck | 1727, 28 | |
Moses b. Joseph Emden | Amsterdam | 1698 |
Moses b. Judah (Loeb) Cleve | Jessnitz | 1722 |
Moses b. Judah of Emden | Amsterdam | 1718 |
Moses (Menahem Nahum) b. Judah (Loeb) Kaz. | Lublin | 1648 |
Prague | 1657, 60, 62, 74-75, 78 | |
Weckeisdorf | 1682, 86, 90 | |
Fürth | 1691-92, 94, 97 | |
Prague | 1705-6 (?) | |
Moses Ḳala'i b. Mattithiah b. Samuel. | Venice | 1599-1600 |
Moses Kalaẓ (khallaẓ) | Constantinople | 1536-37 |
Moses b. Kalman Speler | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1721 |
Moses Levi Ashkenazi of Modena. | Constantinople | 1509 |
Moses Levi Ḥazzan | Venice | 1598 |
Moses Levi Muja | Venice | 1675-78 |
Moses Maḥbub b. Maimon | Constantinople | 1520-22, 42 |
Moses Maguro b. Daniel | Venice | 1693, 94, 96 |
Moses di Medina b. Samuel | Salonica | 1593-1615 |
Moses di Medina b. Shemaiah | Mantua | 1648 |
Moses (Yom-Ṭob Lipmann) b. Menahem (Man) b. Isaac Jacob. | Dyhernfurth | 1693 |
Sulzbach | 1688 | |
Moses Mendez Coutinho b. Abraham. | Amsterdam | 1695, 99-1711 |
Moses b. Meshullam (Zalman) | ............... | 1727 |
Moses ibn Minir | Venice | 1593 |
Moses Minz Levi b. Asher | Amsterdam | 1713 |
Moses Minz Levi b. Isaac Menahem b. Moses | Venice | 1601 |
Moses (Hezekiah) b. Mocatta | Amsterdam | 1708 |
Moses b. Moses | Cracow | 1594, 96, 99 |
Moses b. Moses | Wilmersdorf | 1726-28 |
Moses b. Moses Meïr Kohen | Lublin | 1591 |
Moses b. Nathan Hamelburg | Amsterdam | 1644, 49 |
Moses (Raphael) Ottolenghi b. Samuel David. | Amsterdam | 1712 |
Moses Parnas b. Eleazar | Constantinople | 1546-47, 47-50, 54 |
Moses Pereira | Amsterdam | 1688 |
Moses Phorno | Smyrna | 1731 |
Moses Pinto Delgado | Amsterdam | 1644 |
Moses Poki | Constantinople | 1581 |
Moses (Aryeh) Posen | Berlin | 1715 |
Moses Principal | Venice | 1617 |
Moses Sachs b. Simeon of Posen | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1705 |
Moses Saertels | Prague | 1606, 11 |
Moses b. Samuel (Sanvel) | Hamburg | 1690 |
Moses b. Samuel Kohen of Brzesc | Amsterdam | 1709 |
Moses b. Saul Pauer | Lublin | 1571-72 |
Moses Schedel | Prague | 1585-1605 |
Moses Selimi | Constantinople | 1522 |
Moses Shabbethai b. Ḥayyim Sabbata. | Salonica | 1651 |
Moses b. Shabbethai of Loktsch | Prague | 1590 |
Moses b. Shneor (Zalman) Kohen. | Amsterdam | 1707 |
Berlin | 1715 | |
Moses ibn Shoshan | Sabbionetta | 1554-55 |
Moses Simeon | Salonica | 1621 |
Moses b. Simeon | Amsterdam | 1687 |
Moses b. Simeon (b.) Anschel Herzel's. | Wilmersdorf | 1671-73 |
Prague | 1686 | |
Moses b. Simḥah Bonem | Dessau | 1696-1701, 4 |
Jessnitz | 1720 | |
Moses Solomon | Cracow | 1642 |
Moses b. Solomon Ashkenazi | Venice | 1713 |
Moses b. Solomon Levi | Amsterdam | 1669 |
Moses Spira b. Jacob | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1719 |
Moses Taranto | Smyrna | 1730 |
Moses Ṭarfon | Venice | 1606 |
Moses Tausk b. Phinehas Shoḥeṭ. | Dyhernfurth | 1696, 97 |
Berlin | 1699, 1705, 9, 14-15, 17 | |
Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1724-25, 33 | |
Moses Trinco Levi of Morea | Venice | 1620 |
Moses Utiz b. Eliezer | Prague | 1610, 12 |
Moses (Ḥai) Venturin b. Joseph. | Venice | 1707 |
Moses of Vienna | Prague | 1623 |
Moses Waag | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1711-12 |
Moses Weisswasser b. Katriel | Mantua | 1589, 93 |
Prague | 1595-97 | |
Cracow | 1598 | |
Prague | 1605-6, 9, 10, 14, 18, 21-22 | |
Moses Welsch | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1704 |
Moses b. Zachariah Kohen Corfu | Venice | 1546, 49, 51, 53, 76 |
Moses Zacuto | Venice | 1648-72 |
Mantua | 1673-95 | |
Moses (Ḥayyim) Ẓalach | Venice | 1665 |
Moses Ẓarfati di Gerona | Amsterdam | 1726 |
Moses b. Zebi | Dyhernfurth | 1690-91 |
Moses b. Ẓebi Kalonymus of Halberstadt | Amsterdam | 1712 |
Moses b. Zerah Ashkenazi | Constantinople | 1726 |
Naḥman b. Jacob of Lublin | Lublin | 1648 (?) |
Naḥman b. Jehiel of Dessau | Jessnitz | 1724 |
Naḥmias (David ibn) | Constantinople | 1503-11 |
Naḥmias (Samuel b. David) | Constantinople | 1503-11, 11-22 |
Nahum Kohen | Amsterdam | 1669 |
Naphtali (?) | Lublin | 1648 |
Naphtali b. Aaron Ashkenazi | Venice | 1704-5 |
Naphtali Altschul b. Tobiah | Cracow | 1593-94, 98 |
Naphtali (Herzel) Altschüler b. (Jacob) Ascher Anschel b. Naphtali Herzel. | Prague | 1629, 49 |
Naphtali Ashkenazi b. Joseph | Salonica | 1596-97 |
Venice | 1601-2 | |
Naphtali (Hirsch) b. Azriel Wilna | Constantinople | 1510-11 |
Naphtali (Hirsch) b. Jacob | Amsterdam | 1683-85 |
Naphtali (Ẓebi) b. Jacob | Venice | 1649 |
Naphtali (Ẓebi) b. Jacob Levi of Gnesen. | Berlin | 1715 |
Naphtali (Hirz) b. Judah Lima of Essen. | Sulzbach | 1615-17 |
Naphtali (Hirsch) b. Moses of Gojetein. | Prague | 1595 |
Naphtali (Ẓebi Hirsch) b. Moses Tobiah (Gutmann). | Cracow | 1625 |
Naphtali (Hirsch) Pappenheim | Amsterdam | 1650, 56, 56-57, 58 |
Naphtali b. Samuel Heida | Prague | 1675, 82, 86 |
Naphtali Schwarz | Lublin | 1568 |
Naphtali (Hirz) b. Simson Langlos | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1692 |
Nathan Auerbach b. Moses of Wisnicz. | Wilmersdorf | 1726-27 |
Altona | 1732 | |
Nathan b. David Levi | Lublin | 1614 |
Nathan b. Gershon Ashkenazi | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1699 |
Nathan Gota (Gutta ?) b. Isaac b. Abraham. | Venice | 1629-30 |
Nathan b. Isaac Friedburg | Cracow | 1593 |
Nathan (Feitel) b. Judah | Amsterdam | 1700-10 |
Nathan Michelbach b. Eliezer | Basel | 1612 |
Nathan (Pheibel) b. Moses | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1702 |
Nathan b. Moses Petlitzer | Cracow | 1569-71 |
Nathan de Salo | Ferrara | 1477 |
Nathan b. Samuel | Amsterdam | 1726 |
Nathan (Nata) b. Samuel | Fürth | 1722-27 |
Nathan (Nata) b. Simeon of Posen. | Lublin | 1623-27 |
Nathan b. Solomon Ashkenazi | Venice | 1605 |
Nathanael Ḥalfan b. Perez | Trini | 1525 |
Nathanael b. Judah | Lublin | 1623-27 |
Nathanael b. Levi of Jerusalem | Naples | 1487-92 |
Nehemiah b. Abraham | Amsterdam | 1721-27 (26?) |
Neumark (Nathan b. Loeb) | Berlin | 1719-26 |
Neumark, Moses (or Judah Loeb). | Berlin | 1699-1703(?) |
Nicolai (Christian) | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1699 |
Nissim b. Azriel | Hanau | 1712 |
Nissim Ḥalfan b. Abba-Mari | Venice | 1545 |
Nissim b. Ḥayyim Ashkenazi | Constantinople | 1732 |
Nissim (David) b. Moses | Venice | 1719 |
Nissim ibn Shoshan | ............... | 1597, 99, 1601, 3-4, 5 |
Nissim Vileisit | Constantinople | 1643 |
Noah Casirino | Mantua | 1653 |
Noah b. Hezekiah | Prague | 1675 |
Noah b. Samuel | Lublin | 1623-27 |
Obadiah Maron and Jehiel d'Italia | Mantua | 1672 |
Obadiah Sabbakh | Constantinople | 1578 |
Obadiah b. Zachariah | Venice | 1549 |
Paulus of Prague | Helmstadt | 1580 |
Pelta ( = Paltai) of Meseritz | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1697-99 |
Perugia (Joshua b. Judah Samuel) | Mantua | 1648 |
Perugia (Judah Samuel) | Mantua | 1622-26 |
Perugia (Judah Samuel) | Mantua | 1657, 59, 61, 62, 64 |
Perugia, Louis of (?) | Mantua | 1667-72, 95, 99 |
Pethahiah (Moses) b. Joseph of Ofen | Prague | 1586, 90-92 |
Phinehas b. Eliakim | Amsterdam | 1706, 10 |
Phinehas Heilpron b. Judah of Neuersdorf. | Basel | 1602 |
Phoebus b. Menahem b. Phoebus. | Offenbach | 1723 |
Pinne bat Wolf | Berlin | 1717 |
Polychron b. Isaac | Constantinople | 1726-37 |
Proops (Solomon) | Amsterdam | 1704-34 |
Proops' Heirs | Amsterdam | 1734-1849 |
Pugil (Johann Kaspar) | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1704 |
Raḥamim Ḥalfon | Venice | 1711 |
Raphael | Hague | 1518-19 |
Raphael Abbas b. Joshua | Amsterdam | 1709 |
Raphael Altschul b. Mordecai Gumpel of Prague. | Fürth | 1691-92 |
Raphael Ḥayyim Supino (Sopino ?) | Leghorn | 1651-52 |
Raphael (Ḥayyim) d'Italia | Mantua | 1724 |
Raphael b. Moses b. Isaac Judah | Cracow | 1667, 70 |
Raphael di Palasios b. Joshua | Amsterdam | 1714-16 |
Raphael b. Solomon of Lithuania | ............... | 1692 |
Raphael b. Samuel | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1683 |
Raphael de Silva b. Solomon | Venice | 1656 |
Raphael Talmi b. Immanuel of Forli. | Bologna | 1537-40 |
Raphael Treves | Constantinople | 1711 |
Rebecca bat Isaac b. Judah Jüdels | Wilmersdorf | 1677 |
Reichel bat Isaac b. Judah Jüdels. | Wilmersdorf | 1677, 79, 80, 82 |
Sulzbach | 1691 | |
Fürth | 1692-99, 1701 | |
Reis (Hirz b. Seligmann) | Offenbach | 1715 |
Reis (Isaac Eisak b. Hirz) | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1687 |
Reis (Seligmann b. Hirz) | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1687, 1706-11 |
Homburg | 1711-12 | |
Offenbach | 1714-19, 21 | |
Reuben b. Eliakim of Mayence | Amsterdam | 1644, 46-47, 47-53, 56, 58, 61-63, 70-71, 78 |
Reuben Fürst (Ferst) b. Nethaneel | Berlin | 1706 |
Reuben b. Isaac Levi Breidenbach (Breiten bach). | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1725, 29 |
Reyna (Donna) | Constantinople. | 1593-94 |
Kuru Tcheshme. | 1597-98 | |
Roizel (wife of Fishel) | Cracow | 1586 |
Saadia b. Abigdor b. Eliezer Kohen | Prague | 1614 |
Saadia Angel b. Samuel | Salonica | 1720-21, 29, 32 |
Saadia b. David | Venice | 1623 |
Saadia Kohen b. Zalman | Leghorn | 1655 |
Samson b. Aaron Isaac | Lublin | 1636 ? |
Samson Ḥabillo | Venice | 1654 |
Samson Hanau b. Solomon | Homburg | 1724-25 |
Samson Melli b. Mordecai | Mantua | 1676 |
Samson b. Moses | Lublin | 1618-20, 23-27 |
Samson Sanguine b. Michael | Verona | 1650 |
Samson Tarnigrod b. Ḥayyim | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1691 |
Samuel b. . . ? (of the family of Isaiah b. Samuel Levi). | Lublin | 1646 |
Samuel Abravanel Soeyro | Amsterdam | 1650-52 |
Samuel Amato. | Constantinople | 1728 |
Samuel Archevolti | Venice | 1564-1602 |
Samuel b. Aryeh (Loeb) Levi of Posen. | Amsterdam | 1707, 7-8, 8, 15 |
Samuel b. Asher Levi | Prague | 1512 |
Samuel ibn Ashkara Ẓarfati | Ferrara | 1551-52 |
Samuel Baruch and Jacob Baruch | Venice | 1656 |
Samuel Bergel b. Judah Reutling. | Sulzbach | 1712 |
Samuel Bloch b. Jacob | Zolkiev | 1695 |
Samuel Caleb | Salonica | 1597 |
Samuel di Campos | Amsterdam | 1685 |
Samuel Cases b. Moses | Mantua | 1559 |
Samuel di Cazeres | Amsterdam | 1659 |
Samuel b. David Gumpel | Prague | 1515, 18 |
Samuel ibn Deisus | Venice | 1596, 97, 98 |
Samuel Dresle | Cracow | 1631 (?), 39-40, 1737 |
Berlin | 1712 | |
Samuel (Sanwel) b. Eliakim b. Meïr. | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1714 |
Samuel b. Elkanah | Fürth | 1724, 25, 26 |
Samuel Fürth (Sameas preceding?) | Hanau | 1719 |
Samuel (Don) G'acon | Faro | 1487 |
Samuel Ḥabillo | Venice | 1643 |
Samuel Ḥagiz | Venice | 1596-98 |
Samuel b. Ḥayyim | Homburg | 1712 |
Samuel Ḥazzan | Venice | 1648 |
Samuel Heida b. Joseph of Hamburg | Berlin | 1706 |
Samuel b. Hezekiah Levi | Naples | 1492 |
Samuel Hurwitz b. Meshullam (Zalman) b. Joseph Levi of Prague. | Wilmersdorf | 1670, 73-74 |
Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1677, 80, 86, 89, 91-1701, 5, 11, 13 | |
Samuel b. Isaac Boehm | Cremona | 1556 |
Padua | 1562 | |
Venice | 1565-67 | |
Cracow | 1569-81 | |
Samuel (Sanwel) b. Jacob (of Lissa). | Hamburg | 1686, 87, 88, 90 |
Fürth | 1691-92, 93-94 | |
Samuel b. Jacob Levi Brandeis | Wilmersdorf | 1716 |
Samuel (Sanwel) b. Jacob Poppicz | Wilmersdorf | 1673-74 |
Lublin | 1599 | |
Samuel b. Jerahmeel | Wilmersdorf | 1729 |
Samuel (Zebi Hirsch) b. Joel Sirks | Cracow | 1631-40 |
Samuel b. Jonah (Askeri ?) of Salonica | Amsterdam | 1728 |
Samuel b. Joseph | Amsterdam | 1681-82 |
Samuel b. Judah | ||
Samuel b. Judah Shammash | Amsterdam | 1713 |
Samuel Katzenellenbogen | Venice | 1563 |
Samuel Kolodro | Leiria | 1492 |
Samuel Kusin b. Levi | Venice | 1636-37 |
Samuel Latif | Naples | 1490 |
Mantua | 1513-14 | |
Samuel Levi | Cracow | 1613 (?) |
Samuel Levi ibn Hakim | Constantinople | 1546-47, 47-48 |
Samuel Magreso | Constantinople | 1717 |
Samuel Mantino b. Jacob | Venice | 1546 |
Samuel Marquez b. Solomon | Amsterdam | 1709, 14-16 |
Samuel di Medina b. Shemaiah | Venice | 1647 |
Mantua | 1648 | |
Samuel Meisel | Prague | 1614-15 |
Samuel b. Michael | Venice | 1721 |
Samuel b. Mordecai Ashkenazi of Przemysl | Cracow | 1612 |
Samuel (Joseph) b. Mordecai Grasmark. | Cracow | 1595-96, 1601-6 |
Samuel b. Moses Frankfurter | Amsterdam | 1731 |
Samuel b. Moses Levi | Salonica | 1563 |
Samuel b. Moses Levi | Amsterdam | 1648-51, 52 |
Samuel b. Moses Sedjelmessa | Salonica | 1709, 13, 22 |
Samuel b. Musa | Zamora | 1492 |
Samuel Norzi b. Isaac | Mantua | 1589-90 |
Samuel b. Peraḥyah | .............. | 1565-84 |
Samuel Pinto | Amsterdam | 1666-67 |
Samuel Poppert | Altona | 1727-30 |
Samuel Rikomin | Constantinople | 1511-13 |
Samuel Rodrigues-Mendes | Amsterdam | 1726 |
Samuel Rosa b. Isaac Baruch | Amsterdam | 1664-66 |
Samuel b. Samuel de Roma | Naples | 1486 |
Samuel Schwab b. Joseph of Günzburg. | Amsterdam | 1713, 26, 33-39 |
Samuel Shalom Sedjelmessi of Lepanto. | Venice | 1596 |
Samuel Teixeira | Amsterdam | 1678, 82, 85-87, 88, 95, 1723, 26 |
Samuel Valensi | Smyrna | 1657-59 |
Samuel (Oppenheim) of Vienna | ............... | 1699 |
Samuel Ẓarfati. | Rome | 1547 |
Samuel b. Zeeb Wolf b. Ephraim Fischel of Lemberg. | Amsterdam | 1697, 98 |
Sarah bat Jacob | Prague | 1605-15 |
Saul Belgrad b. Joseph of Udine | Venice | 1606, 17 |
Saul b. Benjamin b. Isaac | ............... | 1645 |
Saul of Frankfort-on-the-Oder | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1712 |
Saul (Simeon) b. Judah Levi | Lublin | 1611-21, 27 |
Schwarz (Ḥayyim b. David) | Prague | 1515, 18, 22, 26 |
Oels | 1530 | |
Augsburg | 1533-43 | |
Ichenhausen | 1544-45 | |
Heddernheim | 1546 | |
Selig b. Abraham Levi | Amsterdam | 1697 |
Selig (Abi 'Ezri) b. Solomon of Venice. | Dyhernfurth | 1692-96 |
Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1697-99, 1701, 5 | |
Berlin | 1705, 9 | |
Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1712, 13, 25, 29, 34 | |
Seligmann Ulma b. Moses Simeon. | Hanau | 1610-15, 16 |
Shabbethai (?) | Venice | 1675 |
Shabbethai Bass | Amsterdam | 1679, 80, 82 |
Dyhernfurth | 1689-1718 | |
Shabbethai b. Mordecai of Posen | Basel | 1599 |
Shalom b. David Moses | Prague | 1608 |
Shalom Galliago b. Joseph of Salonica. | Amsterdam | 1627 |
Shalom b. Gershon of Horodlo | Lublin | 1604-5 |
Shalom (Schechna) b. Nahum Kaidanower. | Wilmersdorf | 1716 |
Jessnitz | 1721 | |
Shalom (Mann) Stoks | Offenbach | 1718 |
Shemariah b. Ahron | Cracow | 1589, 98 |
Shemariah b. Jacob of Grodno. | Amsterdam | 1711 |
Shem-Ṭob | Salonica | 1526-27 |
Shem-Ṭob ibn Minir | Constantinople | 1569 |
Shem-Ṭob ibn Polkar b. Moses | Constantinople | 1511 |
Shneor Falcon b. Judah | Constantinople | 1560 |
Venice | 1567 | |
Shneor (Zalman) b. Israel Baruch Biechower. | Amsterdam | 1685-87 |
Shneor (Zalman) b. Jonathan Kohen of Posen. | Amsterdam | 1698, 1701, 7 |
Simeon Almosnino | Venice | 1587-88 |
Simeon Altschul b. Asher Anschel Herzels. | Prague | 1629 |
Simeon Altschüler b. Judah (Loeb) | Prague | 1701 |
Simeon (Wolf) b. Asher Kohen Ashkenazi of Frankfort. | Cracow | 1646-47 |
Simeon Blansa Ashkenazi | Venice | 1696 |
Simeon (Wolf) Brandeis b. Jacob. | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1693 |
Simeon Cofio (Copio?). | Venice | 1592 |
Simeon b. Isaac Cracow | Cracow | 1574 |
Simeon b. Judah Joseph | Amsterdam | 1700 |
Simeon (Isaac) Kohen | Cracow | 1584 |
Simeon Labi | Venice | 1648 |
Simeon Levi | Cremona | 1565 |
Simeon (or Wolf) Menz b. Abraham. | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1709-13 |
Offenbach | 1719 | |
Simeon b. Naphtali Hirz | Amsterdam | 1708, 11-15 |
Simeon Raner of Danzig | Amsterdam | 1685 |
Simeon Rodeti | Smyrna | 1660 |
Simeon Treves | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1719 |
Simeon Witzenhausen b. Joseph | Amsterdam | 1679 |
Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1680-84, 91 | |
Simhah b. Isaac | Cracow | 1588, 97-98 |
Basel | 1602, 8 | |
Sinai Ḳimḥi b. Ḥayyim | Constantinople | 1717 |
Solomon | Amsterdam | 1662 |
Solomon (b. . . ?) | Salonica | 1621 |
Solomon (Zalman) b. Aaron Isaac (Säkel) of Norden. | Hamburg | 1692 |
Solomon b. Aaron Levi of Cracow. | Cracow | 1648 |
Solomon Abrabalia (Abravalia) | Salonica | 1520 |
Solomon b. Abraham | Mantua | 1561 |
Solomon b. Abraham of Moravia | Lublin | 1571 |
Solomon ibn Alḳabiẓ b. Moses Levi | Guadalajara | 1482 |
Solomon Altaras | Venice | 1685 |
Solomon Altaras b. David | Venice | 1712, 18, 19, 30 |
Solomon Aptrod b. David | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1722-30 |
Solomon (Zalman) Ashkenazi | Amsterdam | 1730 |
Solomon Barzillai b. Moses | Mantua | 1565 |
Solomon (Zalman) b. Bonfet (Bonfed) Shneor. | Fürth | 1729, 30 |
Solomon Bueno b. Jacob | Cremona | 1576 |
Solomon Cavaliero (or Cavallero). | Salonica | 1532-33 |
Solomon b. David | Venice | 1600 |
Solomon Dels b. Simeon | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1697 |
Solomon b. Eliezer Kohen | Lublin | 1635 |
Solomon b. Ephraim Kohen | Amsterdam | 1708 |
Solomon ibn Ezra b. Moses | Smyrna | 1657-74 |
Solomon (Zalman) Fürth | Wilmersdorf | 1673-74 |
Solomon Gabbai | Constantinople | 1662 |
Solomon (Ḥayyim) Ḥaber-Ṭob | Venice | 1599 |
Solomon b. Hähnle Naske | Prague | 1620 |
Solomon (Zalman) Hanau | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1692-1714, (17 ?) |
Solomon b. Isaac Kohen Ashkenazi | Salonica | 1597 |
Solomon b. Isaac of Lisbon | Rome | 1546 |
Solomon b. Isaiah Nizza | Venice | 1684 |
Solomon b. Israel of Dubno | Amsterdam | 1719 |
Solomon b. Jacob Judah of Norden (?) | Amsterdam | 1640, 42 |
Solomon Jonah | Venice | 1666 |
Solomon b. Joseph Kohen | Prague | 1598 |
Solomon (Zalman) b. Joshua Ashkenazi. | Prague | 1598 |
Solomon b. Judah Loeb. | Prague | 1725 |
Solomon (Zalman) b. Judah Loeb. | Wilmersdorf | 1688-89 |
Solomon (Zalman) b. Kalman Kohen. | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1699-1700 |
Solomon ibn Ḳoryaṭ. | Leghorn | 1650 |
Solomon (Zalman) of Lemberg. | Venice | 1716 |
Solomon London. | Amsterdam | 1709-14 |
Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1714-25 | |
Offenbach and Hanau. | 1716-20 | |
Amsterdam | 1731-35 | |
Solomon Luria | Venice | 1607 |
Solomon Luzzatto b. Abraham | Venice | 1567 |
Solomon Mar David | Venice | 1599 |
Solomon b. Mazzal-Ṭob | Constantinople | 1513-49 |
Solomon (Zalman) b. Mattithiah. | Berlin | 1705, 6, 8, 13, 15 |
Solomon b. Meïr | Cracow | 1587-88 |
Solomon (Zalman) b. Meïr Levi of Schwersenz | Jessnitz | 1720-23 |
Solomon b. Mordecai | Constantinople | 1710 |
Solomon (Zalman) b. Mordecai | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1708 |
Amsterdam. | 1717-18 | |
Solomon b. Moses Abraham | Prague | 1713 (?) |
Solomon b. Moses Ashkenazi | Dyhernfurth | 1712 |
Solomon (Zalman) b. Moses Frankfurter. | Amsterdam | 1722, 24, 26, 33 |
Solomon b. Moses Ḥazzan. | Venice | 1711 |
Solomon b. Moses Levi | Amsterdam | 1663, 76 |
Solomon ibn Mubḥar | Constantinople | 1642-43 |
Solomon ibn Naḥmias b. David | Venice | 1599 |
Solomon Nissim | Venice | 1667 |
Solomon Norzi b. Samuel | Mantua | 1593 |
Solomon Oliveyra | Amsterdam | 1680, 86 |
Solomon b. Perez Bonfoi Ẓarfati | Soncino | 1484 |
Naples | 1490, 92 | |
Solomon b. Samuel Levi. | Prague | 1512, 15, 22 |
Solomon (Zalman) b. Samuel Steina-Kopf of Prague. | Sulzbach | 1685 |
Solomon (Hai) Saraval b. Nehemiah. | Venice | 1667 |
Solomon ibn Shoshan b. Samuel | Salonica | 1580, 82 |
Solomon Ṭobyana | Amsterdam | 1685 |
Solomon b. Todros | Amsterdam | 1662 (?) |
Solomon Trani b. Moses | Venice | 1629-30 |
Solomon Usque | Constantinople | 1561 |
Solomon (Don) Walid b. Judah. | Venice | 1521 |
Solomon Wehle b. Moses | Zolkiev | 1702-4 |
Solomon ibn Yaḳḳar | Constantinople | 1522 |
Solomon Yerushalmi b. Menahem. | Salonica | 1551 |
Sabbionetta | 1554 | |
Solomon Zalmati b. Maimon | Ixar | 1490 |
Solomon b. Ẓebi Lokatscher | Dyhernfurth | 1700, 2 |
Berlin | 1703 | |
Soncino (Moses b. . . ?) | Salonica | 1526-27 |
Soncino, Eliezer b. Gershon | Constantinople | 1534-47 |
Soncino, Gershon b. Moses | Soncino | 1488-90 |
Brescia | 1491-94 | |
Barco | 1496-97 | |
Fano | 1503, 5-6 | |
Pesaro | 1507-20 | |
Fano | 1516 | |
Ortona | 1518, 19 | |
Rimini | 1521-26 | |
Constantinople | 1530-33 | |
Salonica | 1532-33 | |
Soncino, Israel Nathan b. Samuel b. Moses. | Soncino | 1483 |
Casal Maggiore | 1486 | |
Soncino, Joshua Solomon b. Israel Nathan. | Soncino | 1483-88 |
Naples | 1490-92 | |
Soncino, Solomon b. Moses | Soncino | 1490 |
Tobiah b. Abraham Kohen | Wilmersdorf | 1714, 16-18, 21, 29-30 |
Sulzbach | 1741 | |
Fürth | 1745 | |
Uri (Phoebus) b. Aaron witmund Levi | Amsterdam | 1645-48, 56, 58-89 |
Zolkiev | 1692-95 | |
Uri (Phoebus) b. Abraham Bärmes | Amsterdam | 1670-80, 82, 86 |
Uri b. Abraham Kohen | Amsterdam | 1698 |
Uri (Phoebus) b. Joseph | Amsterdam | 1723, 24, 26, 27 |
Uri b. Moses | Amsterdam | 1650 |
Uri (Shragga Phoebus) b. Solomon (Zalman). | Cracow | 1638-40, 43, 48 |
Usque (Abraham). | Ferrara | 1553-57 |
Veile bat Moses SChlenker of Fürth | Wilmersdorf | 1727 |
Vittoria Eliano | Cremona | 1557, 58, 58-60 |
Venice | 1564, 65, 66, 67 | |
Rome | 1578, 81 | |
Weglin (Sebald) | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1709 |
Yaḥya b. Abraham ibn Ḥama Fas. | Venice | 1574 |
Yom-Ṭob b. Michael Kohen. | Salonica | 1717 |
Yom-Ṭob Modigliano b. Samuel | Salonica | 1723 |
Yom-Ṭob Zikri b. Rafael | Constantinople | 1519 |
Yom-Ṭob Ẓarfati b. Perez | Naples | 1489 |
Zachariah. | Venice | 1667 |
Zadok b. Abraham of Meseritz | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1697-99, 1702, 5-8, 11-13, 13, 20, 24, 25 |
Ẓebi (Hirsch) b. Aaron Ḥayyat | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1714 |
Ẓebi (Hirsch) b. (Jacob) Abraham | Cracow | 1642-43 |
Ẓebi (Hirsch) b. Abraham of Wronek | Amsterdam | 1700-1 |
Ẓebi (Hirsch) b. Elijah b. Baer Lübeck. | Prague | 1691-92 |
Dessau | 1696 | |
Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1697-99 | |
Berlin | 1699, 1700 | |
Prague | 1705-6, 25 | |
Ẓebi (Hirsch) b. Falk Kohen Kümmelbrod. | Fürth | 1692 |
Ẓebi (Hirsch) b. Gershon. | Amsterdam | 1700-5, 10, 11, 14 |
Ẓebi (Hirsch) b. Isaac Levi | Amsterdam | 1717-18, 23, 26, 28, 30, 33, 38-39 |
Ẓebi b. Isaac of Ostrog | Cracow | 1576-77 |
Ẓebi b. Isaac of Posen | Lublin | 1622 |
Ẓebi b. Jacob | Lublin | 1685 |
Ẓebi (Hirsch) b. Joseph Levi | Fürth | 1691-94, 99, 1701 |
Ẓebi (Hirsch) b. Josiah Crasnik | Lublin | 1627 |
Ẓebi (Hirsch) b. Kalonymus Kohen of Kalisz. | Dyhernfurth | 1691, 96 |
Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1697-99 | |
Dyhernfurth | 1700-1 | |
Ẓebi Levi Ḥazzan | Venice | 1598 |
Ẓebi (Hirsch) Liberls Sofer | Prague | 1707 |
Ẓebi (Hirsch) b. Meïr of Janow | Jessnitz | 1720, 21, 22 |
Ẓebi (Hirsch) b. Meïr of Kossowitz | Prague | 1713 |
Ẓebi (Hirsch) Minz Levi b. Asher. | Amsterdam | 1725-26, 26 |
Ẓebi b. Moses | Lublin | 1622 |
Ẓebi (Hirsch) b. Moses Frankfort | Amsterdam | 1701 |
Ẓebi b. Shalom. | Cracow | 1642-44 |
Ẓebi (Hirsch) b. Tobiah | Lublin | 1623-27 |
Zeeb (Wolf) b. Aryeh (Loeb) b. Isaac. | Amsterdam | 1724 |
Zeeb (Wolf) b. Isaac Josels | Cracow | 1638-39 |
Zeeb (Wolf) Levi | Amsterdam | 1685-87 |
Zeeb (Wolf) b. Meshullam | Berlin | 1702-3, 12, 16-17 |
Zeeb (Wolf) b. Mordecai | Cracow | 1638-40, 43, 48 |
Zeeb (Wolf) b. Samuel | Amsterdam | 1698 |
Name. | Place. | Date. |
---|---|---|
Alberti (Idzardus) | Franeker | 1642 |
Albrizzi (Hier.) | Venice | 1707 (?) |
Ambrosini (Christoforo) | Venice | 1667, 71-74 |
Andreae (Jo. Ph.) | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1716 |
Andreae Andrae (Matth.) | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1707-12 |
Andreae (St.) | Heidelberg | 1586 |
Anshelm (Thom.) | Tübingen | 1512-14 |
Hagenau | 1518-19 | |
Bakenhoffer (Jo. Phil.) | Copenhagen | 1696 |
Baron (Jo. Zach.) | Leyden | 1658 |
Baroni (Andera) | Venice | 1692 |
Bashuysen (H. J. P.) | Hanau | 1709-12 |
Bauernfeld (Jac.) | Jena | 1678 |
Beausang (Jo. Jac.) | Hanau | 1715-19 |
Bebel | Basel | 1534-95 |
Beckmann (Joh. Christ.) | Frankfort-on-the-Oder | 1677 |
Blaak (Laur.) | Amsterdam | 1676-78 |
Bladao (Maestro Anton. B. de Asula). | Rome | 1524, 46-47 |
Blaise (Thom.) | Paris | 1622 |
Blaue (Wilh.) | Amsterdam | 1676-78 |
Bomberg (Daniel) | Venice | 1516-48 |
Bona (Domenico) | Venice | 1678 |
Boom, Baum (Joh.) | Amsterdam | 1705 |
Borstius (Gerhard and Jacob) | Amsterdam | 1698-1703 |
Bragadina | Venice | 1664 |
Bragadini (Aluise, Aloyse) | Venice | 1550-53, 63 (?)-75 |
Bragadini (Aluise [II.], Aloyse) | Venice | 1624-30, 39-50 |
Bragadini (Aluise [III.]) | Venice | 1697-98, 1710 |
Bragadini, Bragadino. | Venice | 1550-1800 |
Bragadini (Giacomo, Jacob) | Venice | 1639-50 |
Bragadini (Girolamo, Gerolimo, Hieronym). | Venice | 1639-50, 55-64, 67 |
Bragadini (Juan, Zuan, Giovan., Johann.). | Venice | 1579-1614 (15?) |
Bragadini (Lorenzo, Laurent.). | Venice | 1615-30, 39-50 |
Bragadini (Nicol.) | Venice | 1639-50 |
Bragadini (Pietro) | Venice | 1614-30, 39-49 |
Bragadini (Vicenzio [I.], Vincent.) | Venice | 1639-49 |
Bragadini (Vicenzio [II.]) | Venice | 1697-98 |
Brand (Justin.) | Leipsic | 1683-86 |
Brandenburger | Leipsic | 1712 |
Brandmüller (Jo.) | Basel | 1691 |
Breitkopf (Bernh. Christ.) | Leipsic | 1725 |
Brion (Anton) | Riva | 1557-58 |
Brocario (Bul. de) | Complutum | 1514-17 |
Brucello (Franc.) | Venice | 1544 |
Cajon | Venice | 1613-22, 22-41 |
Calleoni, Caleoni (Anton) | Venice | 1642-57 |
Caphallon | Paris | 1533 |
Cavalli, Caballi (Zorzo) | Venice | 1565-68 |
Christiani (Wilm.) | Leyden | 1633 |
Clugus (Jos.) | Wittenberg | 1525, 29 |
Collegium Italorum | Paris | 1539 |
Commelius | Heidelberg | 1599-1616 |
Conti (Vicenz., Vincent.) | Cremona | 1556-61, 65-66, 67 |
Sabbionetta | 1567 | |
Cramosius (Sebast.) | Paris | 1632 |
Cratander (Andr.) | Basel | 1531 |
Crati (Zach.) | Wittenberg | 1586-87 |
Crato (Jo.) | Wittenberg | 1563-76, 82 |
Crivellari (Gaspar) | Padua | 1622-23 |
Crivellari (Giulio, Julius) | Padua | 1640 |
Decker (Ge.) | Basel | 1660 |
Donne (Francesco delle) | Verona | 1594-95 |
Doriguzzi (Zuane, Joh.) | Venice | 1670, 85 |
Draconi (Christoph) | Cremona | 1576 |
Dreunen (Meinardus) | Utrecht | 1665 |
Eichhorn | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1597 |
Ellinger (J. G.) | Leipsic | 1672 |
Elzevir | Leyden | 1630-34 |
Episcopus (Nicol.) | Basel | 1536, 37, 47-48, 56, 63 |
Erpeniana | Leyden | 1621 |
Facciotto or Fazot de Montecchio (Giov., Giac). | Rome | 1518 |
Fagius (Paul.) | Isny | 1541-42 |
Constantinople | 1543-44 | |
Farri (Messer Zuane or Giovanni) | Venice | 1544 |
Filippon (o), Filipponi (Filotarsi) | Mantua | 1563-64, 68 |
Filippono (Francesco) | Mantua | 1561-63 |
Filoni | Ferrara | 1693 |
Froben | Hamburg | 1596 |
Froben (Ambros.) | Basel | 1578-81 |
Freiburg | 1583-84 | |
Froben (Hieron.) | Basel | 1531, 36-63 |
Froben (Jo. [I.]) | Basel | 1516-27 (32) |
Fuldius (Mart.) | Leipsic | 1712 |
Fyner (Conrad) | Esslingen | 1475, 77 |
Ganghel (Christoph. van) | Amsterdam | 1683 |
Gara, Garra (di, dei) | Venice | 1564-1609 (10) |
Gardoni (Alessandro) | Venice | 1577-78 |
Giustiniani, Justiniani (Bern) | Venice | 1593 |
Giustiniani, Justiniani (Marco Antonio). | Venice | 1545-52 |
Goebelius | Augsburg | 1680-83 |
Gottschalk (Mich.) | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1693-1734 |
Gourmont (Aegid.) | Paris | 1520-29 |
Gross (Jo. Ad.) | Hanau | 1714-15 |
Gruler (Peter) | Tannhausen | 1594 |
Grunbergius (J.) | Wittenberg | 1521 |
Grymm (Sigismund), Medicus | Augsburg | 1520 |
Gryphius (Franc.) | Paris | 1532 |
Gryphius (sebast.) | Lyons | 1528-30 |
Grypho (Giov., Joh.) | Venice | 1564-67 |
Guarin (Thom.) | Basel | 1583 |
Gyselaar, Gijselaar (Joh.) | Franeker | 1690 |
Halma (Fr.) | Amsterdam | 1701 |
Hamm (Gn. Wolfg.). | Helmstedt | 1702-3 |
Harper (Thom.) | London | 1643 |
Hartmann (Joach. and Frid.) | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1595-96 |
Hayes (Jo.) | Cambridge | 1685 |
Heinscheit, Henscheld (Anton) | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1711-19 |
Henckel (Mart.) | Wittenberg | 1609 |
Hene (Hans, Jacob) | Hanau | 1610-14 |
Hering (Joh.) | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1727 |
Hofer (? Joh.) | ............... | 1625 |
Hoogenhuysen (Cornel.) | Amsterdam | 1711 |
Hutter (Elias) | Hamburg | 1586-87 |
Nuremberg | 1599-1602 | |
Ilive (Thom.) | London | 1714-17 |
Ilsnerus (Blasius) | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1682 |
Imberti (Zuane, Giov., Joh.) | Venice | 1651-56 |
Isingrinius (Mich.) | Basel | 1534-35 |
Jablonski (Dan. Ern.) | Berlin | 1697 |
Jaeger (Gottfr.) | Lübeck | 1650 |
Jaeger (Heredes Jos.) | Güstrow | 1634 |
Jansson (Ant.) | Leipsic | 1683 |
Jansson (Joh.) | Amsterdam | 1633 |
Jay (Mich.) | Paris | 1628-45 |
Juilleron (Nicol.) | Lyons | 1622 |
Justinianus (Aug.) | Paris. | |
Juvenis (Martin) | Paris | 1552-54, 59, 63, 68, 69, 74 |
Kelner (G.) | Wittenberg | 1615 |
Kilius (Nic.) | Rostock | 1637 |
Kirchner (Christ.) | Leipsic | 1657 |
Knebel (Jo. Henr.) | Berlin | 1699 |
Koelner (Joh.) | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1708-27 |
Koenig (Joh.) | Basel | 1662, 75 |
Koenig (Lud.) | Basel | 1618-32, 48 |
Kopmeier | Augsburg | 1680-83 |
Kurzius (Joh.) of Gross-Glogau. | Cracow | 1539 |
Lacquehay (Joh.) | Paris | 1629 |
Launoy (Bonaventura de) | Offenbach | 1719-24 |
Laurentius (Henr.) | Amsterdam | 1630-32, 34-35 |
Lotther (Melchior) | Leipsic | 1533 |
Luchtmans (Jord.) | Leyden | 1685 |
Lucius (Jac.) | Helmstedt | 1580 |
Hamburg | 1587 | |
Madruz (Christofolo) | Riva. | |
Magnus (Albertus) | Amsterdam | 1687-88 |
Maire (Joh.) | Leyden | 1621, 22, 37, 50 |
Martinelli (Giov., Jos.) | Venice | 1636-42, 56 |
Martzan (Melchior) | Copenhagen | 1640 |
Meyer (Henr.) | Altdorf | 1680 |
Moeller (Reinhart Eustachius) | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1725 |
Morellus (Guilelmus) | Paris | 1559-63 |
Moresini, Morosini | Venice | 1660-65 |
Morrhius (Gerardus) | Paris | 1531 |
Nisselius (Jo. Ge.) | Leyden | 1656, 62 |
Oeglin (Erhard) | Augsburg | 1514 |
Oporini (Jos) | Basel | 1567 |
Orphanotropheum (Waisenhaus) | Halle | 1710-19 |
Paddenburg (Gysbert of) | Utrecht | 1714 |
Panzoni (Alb.) | Mantua | 1730 |
Paoli, Pauli (Giov., Joh.) | Venice | 1708-12, 15 |
Pasquato (Laur.) | Padua | 1562, 67 |
Pauli (Joh.) | Upsala | 1652-60 |
Pauli (Nic. Justinian.) | Genoa | 1516 |
Petrus (Henr.) | Basel | 1530-57 |
Pieters (Jac.) | Amsterdam | 1643 |
Pillehotte (Ant.) | Lyons | 1622 |
Plantinus (Christoph.) | Antwerp | 1566-89 |
Portevecchio (Piero del) | Padua | 1562, 67 |
Presigno (Comin [o]) | Venice | 1593-96 |
Procurator (Federigo Contarino) | Venice | 1659-67 |
Propaganda Fide | Rome | 1683 |
Quirino (Carlo) | Venice | 1549 |
Radaeus (Aegid.) | Franeker | 1597 |
Raphelengius (Franc.) | Leyden | 1590-1615, 21-22 |
Ravestein (Nic.) | Amsterdam | 1638, 48 |
Rebenlin (Georf) | Hamburg | 1663-68 |
Rehte (Dav. Fred.) | Gedani | 1675 |
Reuther (Barth.) | Kiel | 1709 |
Rhamba (Joh.) | Leipsic | 1564 |
Rizzini (Anton.) | Venice | 1657-59, 60 |
Rose (Joh., son of Thom.) | Hamburg | 1709, 11, 15-21 |
Rose (Thom.) | Hamburg | 1686-1709 |
Rossi (Francesco de) | Verona | 1646-52 |
Rouviere (Petr. de la) | Geneva | 1609-18 |
Roycroft (Thom.) | London | 1651, 53-57 |
Rufinelli (Giacomo, Jac.) | Mantua | 1560-90 |
Rufinelli, Rufinello (Messer Venturin). | Mantua | 1556-59 |
Rufinelli (Tommas., Thom.) | Mantua | 1593 |
Rüh (e)l (Joh. and Conr.) | Wittenberg | 1586-87 |
Sartorius | Copenhagen | 1631 |
Saxo (Joh.) | Hamburg | 1586-87 |
Schadaeus (El.) | Strasburg | 1591 |
Schaefer (Petr.) | Worms | 1529 |
Schall (Andr.) | Gotha | 1707, 10 |
Schoennerstaedt (Joh. Henr.) | Altdorf | 1674 |
Schurmann (Stephan) | Tannhausen | 1593-94 |
Selfisch (Heredes Sam.) | Wittenberg | 1615 |
Soter (Jac.) | Cologne | 1563 |
Soter (Joh.) | Solingen | 1538 |
Spoor (Jo. Frid.) | Strasburg | 1670 |
Stark (Seb. Gott.) | Berlin | 1710 |
Steen (Caspar) | Amsterdam | 1692-1703 |
Stephanus (Carol.) | Paris | 1556-59 |
Stephanus (Rob.) | Paris | 1528, 39-46 |
Geneva | 1554, 56 | |
Stephanus (Rob.) | Paris | 1563-66 |
Thymil (Jo. Heredes) | Frankfort-on-the-Oder. | 1630 |
Vaesberge (Jo.) | Utrecht | 1657 |
Vedelago (Domenigo) | Venice | 1662-64, 63, 65, 74-82 |
Vendramini, Vendramin | Venice | 1630-41 |
Vendramini | Venice | 1642-1705, 1651, 53, 55 |
Vieceri (Francesco) | Venice | 1643-54 |
Vignon (Eust.) | Geneva | 1578 |
Vitray (Ant.) | Paris | 1628-45 |
Voliet, Vogliet (? Jakob) | Basel | 1583 |
Waldkirch (Conr.) | Basel | 1598-1612 |
Water (Gül van de) | Amsterdam | 1701 |
Water (Jo. van de) | Utrecht | 1683-88 |
Weimmann (Nic.) | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1709 |
Wellens (Jo.) | Franeker | 1663 |
Wernerianis | Upsala | 1727 |
Wittigau (Jo.) | Leipsic | 1661 |
Wust (Jo.) | Frankfort-on-the-Main. | 1694-1707 |
Zanetti, Gianetti, Zanetius (Christofolo). | Venice | 1564-66 |
Zanetti (Daniel) | ............... | 1596, 97-1606 |
Zanetti (Francesco) | Rome | 1578, 80-81 |
Zanetti (Matteo) | Venice | 1593-96 |
Zanetti, Zanetto (Zuan, Giov., Jo.) | Venice | 1606-9 |
Zeitler (Frid.) and H. G. Mussel | Magdeburg | 1700 |
Ziletti (Giordano, Jordanus) | Venice | 1571-72 |
Zschauer (Jo. Andr.) | Leipsic | 1696 |
Zyll (Gilb.) | Utrecht | 1656 |
V. (1732-1900):
From 1732 many of the presses already referred to have continued their activity down to the present day. That of Leghorn, for example, began a new life in 1740 in the workshop of Abraham Meldola; and he was followed by a number of Hebrew printers, who found a market for their products in the Levant and the Barbary States, so much so that Christian printers like Carlo Gorgio (1779) and Giovanni Falerno (1779) found it worth while to compete in producing ritual and cabalistic works for the southern markets. This period also saw the beginning of the remarkable activity of Wolf Heidenheim at Rödelheim, producing the well-known editions of the ritual. These, while originally intended for the Frankfort market, have been used by Ashkenazic congregations throughout the world; and the Tefillah had run to as many as 128 editions by 1902 ("Zeit. für Hebr. Bibl." 5:99). This period was likewise marked by the inauguration of Hebrew printing at Carlsruhe, at first under the egis of Christian printers beginning with Johann Herald in 1755, and later under Wilhelm Lotter from 1766. It was not till 1782 that Hirsch Wormser and his brother-in-law were allowed to start a printing-press, chiefly for ritual works. They were followed in 1814 by David Marx. Altogether about 61 Hebrew prints from this press are known.
Russia.
But the period is especially noteworthy for the rise and development of Hebrew printing in the lands where most persons lived who were acquainted with Hebrew. It is somewhat difficult to account for the fact that there was absolutely no Hebrew printing in the districts now constituting Russian Poland and the Pale of Settlement till past the middle of the eighteenth century, though they have for the past 200 years contained the largest number of Jews and the greatest number of those acquainted with Hebrew. In the old Polish kingdom the Council of the Four Lands kept a somewhat rigid control over the production of Hebrew books, to which it secured a kind of copyright by threatening excommunication for anybody reprinting works having its approbation. The Cossack outrages of 1648 had destroyed the chance of any independent printing in these countries, and the markets were mainly supplied by Prague, Cracow, Lublin, and later Frankfort-on-the-Oder. It was not till after the troublous period of the three partitions (1772-95) that local presses began to be established in Russia. Mention may here perhaps be made of the printing of the Karaite Tefillah (1784) at Eupatoria (not yet, however, within the precincts of the Russian empire), followed by that of the Krimchaks in the next year, and reference may also be made to two or three works printed at Olexnitz (1760-67) in connection with the beginnings of Ḥasidism. Soon after this, printing had begun in Koretz (1777), and was followed at Neuhof (Novy Dvor) near Warsaw (1782), at Polonnoye (1783-91), at Shklov (1783), and at Poretzk (1786-91). Lithuania for the first time obtained a printing-press of its own by the privilege granted by King Stanislaus Augustus to Baruch ROMM, who established a printing-office at Grodno in 1789. After the settlement at the third partition under Catherine II., a considerable number of Russianprinting-offices sprang up, which will be found in the list on pages 328 and 330. They continued to increase during the nineteenth century till Nicholas I. in 1845 passed a law restricting all Hebrew printing to two establishments, one at Wilna, the other at Slavuta. Königsberg, Johannisberg, Lyck, Memel, Eydtkuhnen, and other cities of East Prussia supplied the Russian requirements. This practically gave a monopoly of the Russian market to the firm of Romm, which had moved from Grodno to Wilna in 1799. But it maintained connection with Grodno, producing in 1835 a well-known edition of the Talmud which bears the imprint "Wilna and Grodno." The Romms down to the present day continue to be the most extensive Hebrew printers in Russia; but of recent years the Warsaw publishing firms "Tushiyyah" and "Aḥiasaf" produce perhaps even to a larger extent than the Wilna firm.
Austria.
Mention may be made here of the Austrian presses in the nineteenth century, which have been very productive, especially those of Vienna, where Anton von Schmid obtained from 1800 onward the monopoly for the Austrian empire, and as a consequence produced about 250 Hebrew works, including a reprint of the Mendelssohn Bible and many Jewish prayer-books, besides the periodical "Bikkure ha'Ittim." He was succeeded by his son, from whom the business was bought by De la Torre. The monopoly being given up, J. Schlesinger assumed the work; he devoted himself especially to rituals also for the outlying colonies of Jews, producing a Siddur for the Yemen Jews, a Maḥzor for the Algerian Jews, and other rituals for northern Africa; the Catalonian and Aragonian congregations of Salonica also had their rituals printed at Vienna. Other Austrian and Hungarian presses were at Lemberg, Cracow (Joseph Fischer), Presburg (Alkalai), Paks, Przemysl, Lublin, etc.
Oriental.
Mention has already been made of the beginnings of Oriental typography in the city of Constantinople. Toward the end of the sixteenth century Donna Reyna Mendesia founded what might be called a private printing-press at Belvedere or Kuru Chesme (1593). The next century the Franco family, probably from Venice, also established a printing-press there, and was followed by Joseph b. Jacob of Solowitz (near Lemberg), who established at Constantinople in 1717 a press which existed to the end of the century. He was followed by a Jewish printer from Venice, Isaac de Castro (1764-1845), who settled at Constantinople in 1806; his press is carried on by his son Elia de Castro, who is still the official printer of the Ottoman empire. Both the English and the Scotch missionsto the Jews published Hebrew works at Constantinople.
Together with Constantinople should be mentioned Salonica, where Judah Gedaliah began printing in 1512, and was followed by Solomon Jabez (1516) and Abraham Bat-Sheba (1592). Hebrew printing was also conducted here by a convert, Abraham ha-Ger. In the eighteenth century the firms of Naḥman (1709-89), Miranda (1730), Falcon (1735), and Ḳala'i (1764) supplied the Orient with ritual and halakic works. But all these firms were outlived by an Amsterdam printer, Bezaleel ha-Levi, who settled at Salonica in 1741, and in whose name the publication of Hebrew and Ladino books and periodicals still continues. The Jabez family printed at Adrianople before establishing its press at Salonica; the Hebrew printing annals of this town had a lapse until 1888, when a literary society entitled Doreshe Haskalah published some Hebrew pamphlets, and the official printing-press of the vilayet printed some Hebrew books.
From Salonica printing passed to Safed in Palestine, where Abraham Ashkenazi established in 1588 a branch of his brother Eleazar's Salonica house. According to some, the Shulḥan 'Aruk was first printed there. In the nineteenth century a member of the Bak family printed at Safed (1831-41), and from 1864 to 1884 Israel Dob Beer also printed there. So too at Damascus one of the Bat-Shebas brought a press from Constantinople in 1706 and printed for a time. In Smyrna Hebrew printing began in 1660 with Abraham b. Jedidiah Gabbai; and no less than thirteen other establishments have from time to time been founded. One of them, that of Jonah Ashkenazi, lasted from 1731 to 1863. E. Griffith, the printer of the English Mission, and B. Tatiḳian, an Armenian, also printed Hebrew works at Smyrna. A single work was printed at Cairo in 1740. Hebrew printing has also been undertaken at Alexandria since 1875 by one Faraj Ḥayyim Mizraḥ
Jerusalem.
Israel Bak, who had reestablished the Safed Hebrew press, and was probably connected with the Bak family of Prague, moved to Jerusalem in 1841 and printed there for nearly forty years, up to 1878. Quite a number of presses which deserve enumeration have been set up in the Holy City; viz., those of Israel Bak (1841) and his son Nisan; Joel Moses Solomon (1863); Elijah Moses Ḥai Sassoon (1864); Israel Dob Frumkin (1871), the editor of the journal "Ḥabaẓẓelet"; Isaac Goscinny (1876); Elhanan Tenenbaum (1879-90); Isaac b. Jacob Hirschensohn (1880) and his successors; Samuel Levi Zuckermann (1882); Moses Perez (1884); Abraham Moses Luncz (1885), known for his annual publications "Luaḥ Ereẓ Yisrael" and "Yerushalayim"; Eliezer ben Judah, called Perlemann, director of the journal "Hashḳafah," originally "Ha-Ẓebi"; J. Nahum Lewi (1887); Adelmann and Meyuḥas (1887); M. Lilienthal (1895); Meir Blumenthal (1897); Sonnenfeld & Blumenthal (1897); Loeb Kahana (1899); A. M. Goldberg (1901); and Moses A. Azriel (1901).
One of the Jerusalem printers, Elijah Sassoon, moved his establishment to Aleppo in 1866. About the same time printing began in Bagdad under Mordecai & Co., who recently have had the competition of Judah Moses Joshua and Solomon Bekor Ḥussain. At Beirut the firm of Selim Mann started printing in 1902. Reverting to the countries formerly under Turkish rule, it may be mentioned that Hebrew and Ladino books have been printed at Belgrade since 1814 at the national printing establishment by members of the Alḳala'i family. Later Jewish printing-houses are those of Eleazar Rakowitz and Samuel Horowitz (1881). In Sarajevo Hebrew printing began in 1875; and another firm, that of Daniel Kashon, started in 1898. At Sofia there have been no less than four printing-presses since 1893, the last that of Joseph Pason (1901), probably from Constantinople. Also at Rustchuk, since 1894, members of the Alḳala'i family have printed, while at Philippopolis the Pardo Brothers started their press in 1898 before moving it to Safed. Altogether in the Levant about eighteen cities have had 121 Hebrew printing establishments between 1504 and 1905. Their productions have been mainly rituals, responsa of local rabbis, and Cabala; the type has been mostly Rashi, and the result has not been very artistic.
England and the United States.
In the English-speaking lands Hebrew printing proceeded slowly among the Jews. In England, for example, after a few Hebrew books had been printed by Christian printers the Alexanders began their series of prayer-books about 1770, which have continued to be reissued down to the present day; they were succeeded by the Valentines. The firm of Wertheimer, Lea & Co. printed most of the Jewish Hebrew productions of England till recently, including the first edition of the popular authorized prayer-book, of which 100,000 copies have been issued. The Clarendon Press, however, has during the last thirty years printed many works on rabbinic subjects, and has been followed by the Pitt Press of Cambridge, which issued especially the Mishnah edition by W. H. Lowe and the "Pirḳe Abot" of C. Taylor.
In the British colonies only sporadic works have been published at Bombay and Aden, where the Yemen Jews have recently been printing a few of their manuscripts in oblong format. The use of Hebrew type in the Australian and African colonies appears to be confined to newspapers. The same applies to the French colonies in North Africa, though various productions have appeared at Algiers, Tunis, and Oran.
In the United States Hebrew printing was even later in appearance. Apart from a reprint at Philadelphia in 1814 of Athias' unpointed Bible, and Leeser's reprint of the Van der Hooght Bible in 1849, the first Hebrew book printed in America was "Abne Yehoshua'," by Joshua Falk, at New York in 1860. The chief production of the Hebrew press of the United States hitherto has been the commentary on Job by B. Szold, printed by I. Friedenwald at Baltimore; but since the emigration from Russia and Rumania large numbers of occasional works have been produced at New York, Philadelphia, and Chicago. In the first-named city the productions of the press of A. H. Rosenberg are voluminous.
A great deal of very good Hebrew printing, however, is done by non-Jewish printers, and often at university presses, where the Christian theologians who devote their attention to rabbinics print their lucubrations. In addition, presses that make a special business of Oriental printing, like those of Drugulin of Leipsic and Brill of Leyden, also produce Hebrew works, the former having printed the well-known Polychrome Bible edited by Professor Haupt and published at Baltimore. By a special process the various sources of the Biblical books in this edition are distinguished by different colors, not of the type, but of the paper upon which the sections are printed. The various Bible societies have also produced some fine specimens of Hebrew printing, the chief being the so-called Letteris Bible, having the Authorized Version at the side, printed at Vienna; and the Ginsburg Bible, printed by the court printer Karl Fromme in Vienna. The Masorah, also edited by Ginsburg, is another fine piece of Hebrew printing by Fromme; while one of the best Hebrew prints is the fifth edition of the translation into Hebrew of the New Testament, by Franz Delitzsch, printed by Trowitsch & Co. of Berlin.
The following is a list (extending from the introduction of printing to the present day) of towns at which Hebrew presses are known to have existed; those places in which only Christian printers have been concerned, mainly in issuing Biblical editions, are set in italics. As far as possible, dates have been given for the first publication of Hebrew at the different localities. Where this was effected by Christian printers the date is marked with an asterisk. The letters "J. E." within parentheses following the names of towns indicate that special articles are given in The Jewish Encyclopedia upon the typography of such towns. In a number of instances special monographs have been written upon the typography of various places, and these are cited together with their references. The remaining towns are mentioned by Steinschneider in his "Jüdische Typographie," in Ersch and Gruber, "Encyc." (section , part 28, pp. 21-94), or by Zedner and Harkavy. In a few instances the entries from Zedner may refer to publication rather than to printing.
Aden | 189- | ||
Adrianople | 1554-55 | ||
Aix | 1855 | ||
Alcala (Complutum) | 1514 | ||
Aleppo | 1866 | ||
Alexandria (No-Ammon) | 1875 | ||
Algiers | 1855 | ||
Altdorf | 1674 | ||
Altona | 1727 et seq. | ||
Grunwald, Hamburgs Deutsche Juden; Steinschneider, Zeitschrift für Gesch. der Juden in Deutschland, 1:1-5. | |||
Amsterdam | 1627 et seq. | ||
Andover, Mass. | |||
Antwerp | 1566-90 | ||
Augsburg | 1514-43 | ||
Steinschneider, Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland, 1:1-5. | |||
Avignon | 1765 | ||
Bagdad | 1657, 1867 | ||
Baltimore. | |||
Bamberg | 1837 | ||
Barco | 1496-97 | ||
Basel | 1516 | ||
Bath | 1803 | ||
Beirut | 1839, 1902 | ||
Belgrade | 1841 | ||
Berdychev | 1798 | ||
Bergamo | 1599 | ||
Berlin | * | 1699 | |
Bern | 1555 ? | ||
Bistrovitz | 1592 | ||
Blizurka | 1806-7 | ||
Boguslav | 1809- | ||
Bologna | 1482-83 | ||
Bombay | 1856 | ||
Bonn | 1537-41 | ||
Boston | * | 1735 | |
Bremen | 1673 | ||
Brescia | 1491-94 | ||
Breslau | 1719 | ||
Brann, Volkskalender, 1890. | |||
Breznitza. | |||
Brilon | 1862 | ||
Brody. | |||
Brooklyn | 1893 | ||
Brünn | 1799 | ||
Brunswick | 1838 | ||
Brussels | 1841 | ||
Bucharest | 1860 | ||
Budapest | 1823 | ||
Buenos Ayres | 1891 | ||
Byelaya Tserkov | 1817 - | ||
Byelostok | 1805- | ||
Cairo | 1740 | ||
Calcutta | 1844 | ||
Cambridge | * | 1685 | |
Carlsruhe | 1755- | ||
Biberfeld, Zeitschrift für Hebr. Bibl. , | |||
Carpentras. | |||
Casal-Maggiore | 1486 | ||
Cassel | 1807 | ||
Chicago. | |||
Chieri | 1627-29 | ||
Cincinnati | 1857 | ||
Cleveland. | |||
Cleves | 1770 | ||
Cologne | 1518, 53-63 | ||
Colomea. | |||
Constance | 1543-44 | ||
Constantinople (J. E.) | 1503-86 | ||
Copenhagen | 1628 | ||
Corfu | 1829 | ||
Cöthen | 1703 | ||
Freudenthal, Aus der Heimat Moses Mendelssohns. | |||
Cracow (J. E.) | 1530-1670 | ||
Cremona | 1556-60 | ||
De Rossi, Annali Typographici, 1808. | |||
Czernowitz | 1856 | ||
Damascus | 1605-6 | ||
Danzig | 1849 | ||
Darmstadt | 1822 | ||
Dessau (J. E.) | 1696 | ||
Freudenthal, Aus der Heimat Moses Mendelssohns | |||
Dorpat | 1804 | ||
Drogobuzh. | |||
Dubno | 1794 | ||
Dubrovna | 1802-4 | ||
Dyhernfurth (J. E.) | 1689 | ||
Brann, in Monatsschrift, 1896. | |||
Edinburgh | 1857 | ||
Erlangen | 1593 | ||
Esslingen | 1475 | ||
Eupatoria | 1734 | ||
Eydtkuhnen. | |||
Fano | 1503-16 | ||
Faro (J. E.) | 1487 | ||
Ferrara (J. E.) | 1477 | ||
De Rossi, De Typographia Hebrœo-Ferrariensi, Parma, 1780. | |||
Florence | 1736 | ||
Francker | 1597-1681 | ||
Frankfort-on-the-Main (J. E.) | 1512 | ||
Frankfort-on-the-Oder (J. E.) | 1551(?), 1677- | ||
Freiburg | 1583-84 | ||
Fürth | 1691-1730 | ||
Steinschneider, Hebr. Bibl. 18:114 et seq. | |||
Galatz | * | ||
Geismar | 1649 | ||
Geneva | 1554 | ||
Genoa | 1516 | ||
Giessen | 1705, 14 | ||
Glogau | 1840 | ||
Göritz | 1852 | ||
Gotha | 1702 | ||
Göttingen | 1742 | ||
Grodno | 1788- | ||
Gröningen | 1676 | ||
Grubeschov | 1817- | ||
Guadalajara | 1482 | ||
Güstrow | 1634 | ||
Hagenau | 1515 | ||
Hague | 1779- | ||
Halberstadt | 1859 | ||
Halle | 1700-19 | ||
Freudenthal, Aus der Hei mat Moses Mendelssohns. | |||
Hamburg | 1587- | ||
Grunwald, Hamburgs Deutsche Juden, pp. 153. | |||
Hanau | 1610-30 | ||
1708-25 | |||
Hanover | 1840 | ||
Heddernheim | 1546 | ||
Heidelberg | 1586 | ||
Helmstedt. | |||
Hergeswiese ? | |||
Homburg | 1711-50 | ||
Hrubieszow | 1819 | ||
Husiatyn. | |||
Ichenhausen | 1544 | ||
Steinschneider, Hebr. Bibl. 12:125, Suppl.; idem, Cat. Bodl. No. 361. | |||
Inowrazlaw. | |||
Isny | 1541-42 | ||
Ixar | 1485-95 | ||
Jassy | 1843 | ||
Jastowitz | * | 1898 | |
Jena | 1675 | ||
Jerusalem | 1846 | ||
Jessnitz | 1719-26 | ||
Freudenthal, Aus der Heimat Moses Mendelssohns. | |||
Johannesburg | * | 1897 | |
Johannisberg | 1855 | ||
Jozefov | 1826 | ||
Kale | 1734 | ||
Kalios | 1809-10 | ||
Kearny (N. J.) | 1904 | ||
Kiel | 1709 | ||
Kishinef | 1883 | ||
Kones | 1797- | ||
Königsberg | 1759 | ||
Kopust | 1818 | ||
Koretz | 1776- | ||
Koslov (see Eupatoria). | |||
Kremenetz | 1805- | ||
Krotoschin | 1837 | ||
Kupil | 1796 | ||
Kuru Chesme | 1597 | ||
Ladie | 1805 | ||
Laszow | 1815 | ||
Leghorn | 1650- | ||
Leipsic | 1538- | ||
Leiria | 1492-94 | ||
Lemberg | 1810 | ||
Leyden | 1528-1756 | ||
Libau | * | 1879 | |
Lisbon | 1489-92 | ||
Lissa | 1824 | ||
Lewin, Geschichte der Juden in Lissa, pp. 153-154, Pinne, 1904. | |||
London (J. E.) | * | 1711- | |
Lübeck | 1650 | ||
Lublin (J. E.) | 1550, 56-74 | ||
Friedberg, Zur Geschichte der Hebräischen Typographie in Lublin, Cracow, 1890. | |||
Lunéville | 1798- | ||
Lyck | 1859 | ||
Lyons | 1526 | ||
Madras | 1819 | ||
Madrid. | |||
Magdeburg | 1607 | ||
Mannheim | 1856 | ||
Mantua (J. E.). | 1476-80 | ||
1513-14 | |||
1580-1699 | |||
Zunz, Z. G. pp. 249-260. | |||
Marburg. | |||
Mayence | 1523- | ||
Mecklenburg | 1724 | ||
Medzhibozh | 1817-18 | ||
Memel | 1861 | ||
Metz | 1765 | ||
Carmoly, Revue Orientale, 3:209 et seq., 283 et seq. | |||
Mezhirich | 1809 | ||
Mezkirof | 1790-95 | ||
Milan | 1620 | ||
Minkovsk | 1790-1803 | ||
Minneapolis, Minn. | |||
Minsk | 1807- | ||
Moghilef-on-the-Dnieper | 1825 | ||
Moghilef-on-the-Dniester | 1798- | ||
Mühlhausen | |||
Munich | 1860 | ||
Munkaez. | |||
Nagy-Surany | * | ||
Naples | 1486-92 | ||
Neuhof (Novy-Dvor) | 1782-96 | ||
Neuwied | 1736-49 | ||
New York | 1860 | ||
Newark. | |||
Nikolsburg | 1767 | ||
Nuremberg | 1599 | ||
Odessa | 1845- | ||
Oels | 1530-35 | ||
Steinschneider, Cat. Bodl. No. 306. | |||
Ofen (see Budapest). | |||
Offenbach | 1714 | ||
Olexnitz | 1760-67 | ||
Oran | 1856 | ||
Ortakoi | 1717-19 | ||
Ortona | 1519 - | ||
Ostrog | 1794-96 | ||
Oxford | 1655 | ||
Padua | 1562-1640 | ||
Paks. | |||
Paris (J. E.) | * | 1508-1629 | |
17 | |||
Parma | 1805 | ||
Pasewalk. | |||
Pesaro (J. E.) | 1507-27 | ||
Philadelphia | * | 1814 | |
Philippopolis | 1898 | ||
Piotrkow | 1877- | ||
Piove di Sacco (J. E.) | 1475 | ||
Pisa | 1816 | ||
Pittsburg | * | ||
Podbrejetz | 1796-1803 | ||
Podgorze. | |||
Polonnoye | 1783-91 | ||
Pontefract | 1810 | ||
Poritzk | 1786-91 | ||
Posen | 1859 | ||
Prague | 1512 | ||
Zunz, Z. G. pp. 261-303. | |||
Presburg | 1839 | ||
Prossnitz (Prosstitz) | 1602-5 | ||
Weisse, in Notizblatt der Gesellschaft des Ackerbaus, 1856, pp. 56 et seq. | |||
Przemysl | |||
Radawel (Radziwilof) | 1814-25 | ||
Reggio | 1475 | ||
Riga | 1852 | ||
Rimini (J. E.) | 1521-26 | ||
Riva di Trento (J. E.) | 1558-62 | ||
Carmoly, Revue Orientale; Steinschneider, Hebr. Bibl. 7:113-114. | |||
Röodelheim | 1757 | ||
Carmoly, c. 3:303. | |||
Rome (J. E.) | 1518, 46- | ||
81 | |||
Rostock | 1637 | ||
Rotterdam | 1857 | ||
Rustchuk | 1894 | ||
Sabbionetta | 1551-59 | ||
De Rossi, Annales Typographici, 1806. | |||
Sadagora | 189- | ||
Safed | 1563-87, 1664 | ||
St. Louis. | |||
St. Petersburg | 1818- | ||
Salingiaci | 1515-1655 | ||
Salonica | 1515 | ||
San Francisco | |||
Sarajevo | 1875 | ||
Sensburg. | |||
Sentheim. | |||
Shanghai | 1851 | ||
Shklov | 1783 | ||
Slankowitz | 1807 | ||
Slavuta | 1792-96 | ||
Smyrna | 1657 | ||
Sofia | 1893 | ||
Solingen. | |||
Soncino (J. E.) | 1483-90 | ||
Sorvi | 1764 | ||
Stade | 1803 | ||
Stettin | 1861 | ||
Strasburg | 1591 | ||
Stuttgart | 1724 | ||
Sudzilkov | 1798-1836 | ||
Sulzbach | 1684- | ||
Weinberg, Die Hebräische Druckerei in Sulzbach, 1669-1851, Frankfort, 1904. | |||
Suwalki | 1861- | ||
Sziget. | |||
Tannhausen | 1593 | ||
Perles, in Monatsschrift (1876), 14:350 et seq. | |||
Tarnopol | 1814 | ||
Tarnov | 1860 | ||
Thiengen | 1560 | ||
Wiener, in Monatsschrift, 12:273 et seq. | |||
Thorn. | |||
Triest | 1858 | ||
Trino | 1525 | ||
Tübingen | 1512 | ||
Tunis | 1768 | ||
Turin | 1526 | ||
Turko | 1763 | ||
Ungvar | 1564 | ||
Upsala | 1655 | ||
Utrecht | 1657 | ||
Venice | * | 1517-56, 64 | |
Verona | 1594-1650 | ||
Vienna | 1827 | ||
Waitzen | * | 1892 | |
Wandsbeck | 1709 | ||
Grunwald, Hamburgs Deutsche Juden. | |||
Warsaw | 1796- | ||
Wekelsdorf | 1600 | ||
Wengrov | 1794- | ||
Wilky (Kovno) | * | 1895-1901 | |
Wilmersdorf | 1670-1736 | ||
Freimann, Die Annalen der Druckerei in Wilmersdorf, in Berliner's Festschrift. | |||
Wilna | 1799- | ||
Wittenberg | 1521-87 | ||
Bauch, in Monatsschrift, 1904. | |||
Worms | 1529 | ||
Würzburg | 1821 | ||
Yaroslav. | |||
Zamora | 1482-87 | ||
Zaslav | 1807 | ||
Zhitomir | 1804-5 | ||
Zolkiev | 1693- | ||
Züllichau | 1728- | ||
Zurich | 1546 |
II. Characteristics:
Form of Letters.
There are in all four chief forms in which Hebrew letters are printed: the square; the Rashi; the Weiberteutsch, so called because it was used for the "Ẓe'enah u-Re'enah" read by women; and finally the cursive, imitating the handwriting used for business and other correspondence. The first three appeared as early as the beginning of Hebrew typography (INCUNABULA); the fourth, only in the eighteenth century, mainly in books on business training, writing-books in this character being produced at Amsterdam in 1715.
One of the characteristics of Hebrew printing from its beginning was the different sizes in which the characters were printed, the Ṭur of Piove di Sacco, 1475, already showing three forms. This is attributed to the commentatorial character of rabbinic literature, the commentary naturally being printed in a smaller type than the text, and the supercommentary in a still smaller one, and the index to both in a yet more minute type. Such a difference of types soon led to the arrangement by which the text was printed in the center, with the commentaries in concentric arrangement around it. This plan has been employed with increasing elaboration; and in the last rabbinic Bible printed by the firm of Schrifgiesser at Warsaw no less than thirty-two commentaries are included, many of which are on a single page. In the beginning this arrangement simply followed that of the ordinary medieval manuscripts in which commentaries occurred. To fill spaces that would otherwise remain empty recourse was had to the use of letters of greater width, the so-called "littere dilatibiles"; but in early prints the first letter of the following word was often inserted instead. Sheet-marks and pagination were only gradually introduced; they were almost invariably in Hebrew letters printed on the recto only; each second page was numbered, the reference to the two sides (pages) of the sheet being by alef, bet, nowadays represented by a, b; e.g., B. Ḳ. 10b; R. H. 17a (Isaiah Berlin tried to introduce the full point and colon, but without much success). The pagination of the Talmud was established by Bomberg, the arrangement of whose pages has been followed in all subsequent editions. Vowel-points and accents occur for the most part only in Bibles and prayer-books, and divisions of chapter and verse in the Bible only rarely till later times.
Paper and Format.
The paper of the early prints is generally good; that of the eighteenth century usually the opposite; the issues of Fürth, Cracow, and Rödelheim are generally distinguished by their foxy paper. White paper was generally used, but the Oppenheimer collection contained fifty-seven volumes on blue, seven on green, two on yellow, and a Haggadah on red paper. Rubrics are printed in red in a work issued at Freiburg in 1584. Amsterdam printers sometimes print red on white; Deinard at Newark on varicolored paper. Large-paper editions occur rather frequently, and parchment was used for special copies, the Oppenheimer collection having fifty-one of these, and many of the copies of the Bologna Tefillah of 1537 being printed on that material, though one on excellent paper is to befound in the Sulzberger collection at New York. All kinds of format occur from the earliest times, but the folio and quarto were chiefly used, the octavo and duodecimo being employed mainly in prayer-books. In the Oppenheimer collection the proportions of the various sizes were as follows:
Folio | 1,005 |
Quarto | 1,240 |
Octavo | 901 |
Duodecimo | 330 |
Strange to say, one of the most bulky of Hebrew books was also one of the earliest, Avicenna's "Canon," with 826 folio pages; this, however, is now far exceeded by the Babli with its 2,947 pages in one volume (Berdychev, 1894).
The Leghorn prints were at times in oblong form, while the recent Aden productions are of the same form, but with the longer side at the back. For variations of the see Title-Pages see Jew. Encyc. 12:154, and for ornamentations see the article Printers' Marks. To those mentioned in the latter article the following may be added: Ashkenazi (Safed, 1587), lion with two tails; Bat-Sheba (Salonica), half lion, half eagle; Mayer ben Jacob (Venice), elephant; Conti (Cremona), shield, angel, eagle; Abraham b. David (Talmud Torah, Salonica, 1719), three crowns; Koelner (Frankfort-on-the-Main), imperial eagle; De Lannoy (Offenbach), nest of bird with flowers; Aaron Lipman (Sulzbach), tree, crab, fish, and serpent; Shabbethai Bass (Dyhernfurth), two bars of music.
Colophon and Title-Page.
The idea of representing the title-page of a book as a door with portals appears to have attracted Jewish as well as other printers. The fashion appears to have been started at Venice about 1521, whence it spread to Constantinople. Bomberg used two pillars in his "Miklol" of 1545, and this was imitated at Cracow and Lublin. These pillars are often supported by, or support, figures, draped or undraped, as in the "Toẓe'ot Ḥayyim" of Cracow (c. 1593). A Maḥzor of Cracow (1619) has a flying angel of death, while the Pirḳe R. Eliezer of Constantinople (1640) has a centaur and siren. The tree with the shield of David supported by two lions appears first in the Sabbionetta prints, and is imitated by other symbolic figures, as the eagle in the Amsterdam Seliḥot of 1677. These decorations of the title-page led later to illustrations within the work itself, the first of these being in the "Mashal ha-Ḳadmoni," Soncino, 1491. The "Yosippon" and other works of a historical character were favorite receptacles for rather crude illustrations of this kind, as were also the Passover Haggadot, in which even maps of the Holy Land were printed (HAGGADAH).
The place and date of printing, as also the name of the printer, were generally expressed in see Colophons, but in later times were also placed on the title-page. The day of the week is often indicated by references to Biblical texts, having in view the lucky character of Tuesday as a beginning day (WEEK). The date is also often made known by a text (see CHRONOGRAM). The omission of letters in these dates often leads to confusion (Zunz, "Datenbestimmungen," in "G. S." ); and the place of publication does not always coincide with that of printing. Even the place of printing has sometimes to be checked, as frequently German printers attempted to claim the style and authority of Amsterdam, and those of Fürth passed themselves off as coming from Sulzbach. The place of printing was sometimes omitted in order to evade the censor.
Printers.
Information is often given in these colophons as to the size of the office and the number of persons engaged therein and the character of their work. In the larger offices there would be a master printer ("ba'al madpis"), who was sometimes identical with the proprietor of the office ("ba'al ha-defus"). The actual printer was called "madpis," or sometimes "meḥoḳeḳ." The master printer was occasionally assisted by a manager or factor ("miẓib 'al hadefus"). Besides these there was a compositor ("meẓaref" or "mesadder"), first mentioned in the "Leshon Limmudim" of Constantinople (1542). Many of these compositors were Christians, as in the workshop of Juan di Gara, or at Frankfort-on-the-Main, or sometimes even proselytes to Judaism (see above). Finally, good proof-readers or correctors for the press were always indispensable. They were called "maggihim." Notwithstanding their help, a list of errata was often necessary, one of the earliest occurring in a German Maḥzor produced at Salonica in 1563.
Up to the nineteenth century all work was naturally hand-work, and printing was comparatively slow. It took nearly a whole year for the Soncinos to print off 638 folio pages, while sixty years later Giustiniani printed 190 pages of Maimonides' letters in seven days.
For the injury done to the correctness of the text by the censors before and even after printing, see CENSORSHIP OF HEBREW BOOKS. The existence of censors in Italy, Germany, and Poland rendered the works printed previous to 1554 (the date of the Ferrara conference on this subject) of especial value for the text, though care was taken by the Jews themselves before that date not to offend Christianprejudices too much by printing the more out-spoken passages. In a measure Jews had their own censorship in the form of Approbations ("haskamot"), without which in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries no book was considered altogether respectable. These approbations were sometimes accompanied by special privileges, as when the rabbis of Venice issued a decree against any one buying a certain book except from the printer; and the parnasim of Amsterdam had the right of inflicting a fine for the infringement of the copyright of any one whom they favored. In the case of the Frankfort Talmud imperial permission was found necessary to produce it.
Of the cost of printing in early times little is known. The "Yeẓer Ṭob" of Venice (1597-1606) cost a thousand florins to print, while the thirty-six pages of the "Zore la Nefash" (?) of Venice (1619) cost as much as twenty-five ducats. Joseph Witzenhausen got four thalers a sheet for the Judæo-German translation of the Bible published by Athias. In the early days 300 copies of a work were sufficient. This number of the Psalms with Ḳimḥi (1477) was printed; so, too, of the "Yafeḳ Raẓon," while of the "Torat Ḥesed" only 200 came into existence. For the methods adopted in selling books see the article BOOK-TRADE.
Technique of Hebrew Printing.
Turning to the technical side of Hebrew printing, it has to be remarked that in the justification of Hebrew, wide spacing is to be preferred, and that the vowels and accents have to be justified in a separate line after the consonants have been set up. The wide spacing is rendered necessary by the fact that hyphens can not be used in ordinary Hebrew printing, though in modern works this use is creeping in. To fill out spaces, as mentioned above, the extended letters, "alef," "he," "ḥet," "lamed," "mem," and "taw," are used.
In ordinary Hebrew printing "the compositor begins as he does with English, by setting the characters at the left hand of his copy, turning the nicks of his type inward to face the composing-rule. When the line has been spaced and justified . . . it is turned in the stick" (De Vinne, "Modern Methods of Book Composition," p. 245, New York, 1904). The arrangement of cases for Hebrew varies in different offices, but the accompanying illustration shows that generally adopted. The characters and points most used are in the lower case; accents, broad or extended letters, and letters with points are in the upper case.
The difficulty of Hebrew printing for persons not accustomed to the language consists in the great similarity of some of the letters, as "he," "ḥet," and "taw," "dalet" and "resh," "shin" and "sin," and other letters only distinguished by a dot, representing the dagesh. Final "pe" and final "ẓade" also are sometimes confounded, while their hair-lines often tend to break off during press-work. The contrast of the shaded portions of the letters with the hair-lines is perhaps the most marked type-founder's characteristic of Hebrew as compared with Roman type, in which hair-lines are avoided as much as possible. The actual forms of the letters have changed little since the first appearance of matrices in Italy in the fifteenth century. The tendency is rather toward making the letters smaller in size and squarer. Some of the most beautiful type of this kind is that of Filipowski. It is said that compositors unfamiliar with Hebrew tend to set type more accurately, though more slowly, owing to the extra care they devote to following copy. Few ordinary printing establishments have Hebrew type, and on the rare occasions when it is necessary to use it it is customary to borrow it from an establishment with a more varied outfit of types, or to have the type set up in such an establishment, the whole matter cast, and transferred bodily as a single type into the text. Christian printers handle only the square letter, Rashi and cursive always being set up by Jewish typesetters.
Productivity of Hebrew Presses.
With regard to the works which have been turned out by Hebrew printers during the last 450 years, it would be interesting to determine approximately their number and character. During the first quarter of the century in which incunabula were produced (1475-1500) 100 Hebrew works were issued, at the rate of four per annum. During the next forty years (1500-40) about 440 were issued (M. Schwab, in "Les Incunables Orientaux," enumerates 430 up to this period) averaging eleven per annum. During the next two periods from 1540 to 1732 a rough estimate would give the number of works at 6,605; namely, Bibles,710; Targum, 70; Talmud, 590; ritual, 1,000; anonymous, 350; Judæo-German, 385; and works of specific authors, 3,500—an average of about thirty-three works issued per annum. During the 160 years since the last-mentioned date the production has rapidly increased, but it is difficult to determine the exact numbers. Some indication can be obtained by the gradually increased number of Hebrew works mentioned in the various sources as follows:
Bibliographer. | Date. | Hebrew Books. | |
---|---|---|---|
1. | Shabbethai Bass | 1680 | 2,200 |
2. | Bartolocci | 1693 | 1,943 |
3. | J. C. Wolf | 1733 | 2,832 |
4. | Azulai | 1790 | 3,527 |
5. | Oppenheimer | 1826 | 4,221 |
6. | Steinschneider, "Hebr. Bibl." | 1858-82 | 2,004 |
7. | Steinschneider | 1860 | 5,232 |
8. | Fürst urst | 1863 | 9,360 |
9. | Zedner | 1867 | 5,220 |
10. | Benjacob (including manuscripts and references) | 1880 | 14,978 |
really about | |||
6,500 | |||
11. | Lippe (vols. and ) | 1880-89 | 1,210 |
12. | Van Straalen | 1894 | 11,100 |
13. | Zeitlin | 1895 | 3,643 |
14. | Lippe (vol. , addenda) | 1899 | 878 |
15. | Wiener (to "ṭet") | 1904 | 4,575 |
Number of Hebrew Works.
Wiener's list promises to run to 17,000. If one may judge from the numbers given by him, and take account of the fact that the average recorded by Steinschneider between 1860 and 1880, about 100 per annum, is at best only a minimum, having been recently largely increased, there can be no doubt that 20,000 volumes have been produced during the last period. This is confirmed by the fact that the Asiatic Museum of St. Petersburg, containing the largest Hebrew collection in the world, has no less than 30,000 volumes, of which 5,000 are written in Judæo-German and Yiddish. The Jerusalem National Library (founded by Chazanowicz) in 1902 had 22,233 volumes, 10,900 of them Hebrew ("Ha-Meliẓ," 1902, No. 259). The British Museum in 1867 had nearly the same number. It would be of interest to compare the classes under which these various works are included, with the relative number of volumes contained in these two collections (see preceding table).
Classes. | Zedner. | Chazanowicz. | |
---|---|---|---|
1. | Bibles | 1,260 | 794 |
2. | Bible Commentaries | 510 | |
3. | Talmud | 730 | |
4. | Talmud Commentaries | 700 | 202 |
5. | Methodology | .... | 272 |
6. | Codes | 1,260 | 447 |
7. | Code Commentaries | .... | 386 |
8. | Novellæ | 520 | 644 |
9. | Responsa | .... | 512 |
10. | Liturgy | 1,200 | 881 |
11. | Midrash and Yalḳuṭ | 150 | 389 |
12. | Sermons | 450 | 587 |
13. | Cabala | 460 | 533 |
14. | Grammar and Dictionaries | 450 | 588 |
15. | History, Archeology, and Memoirs. | 320 | 1,231 |
16. | Geography and Travels in Palestine | .... | 292 |
17. | Poetry, Criticism | 770 | 585 |
18. | Science | 180 | 260 |
19. | Theology and Polemics | 690 | 449 |
20. | Ethics | .... | 430 |
21. | Educational | .... | 265 |
22. | Fiction | .... | 510 |
23. | Periodicals, Newspapers, Catalogues | .... | 648 |
24. | Yiddish | .... | 900 |
It would be still more interesting to determine the actual works and editions of them which go to make up the 20,000 or so separate works which have been produced by the Hebrew presses up to the end of the nineteenth century. Unfortunately Hebrew bibliography is not in such a state that this could be done with any approach to accuracy, but a considerable number of subject lists have been made from which a close approximation can be given for the various branches. The sources from which lists are derived vary in thoroughness, mainly according to their date. Information from Reland, or the old Oppenheim catalogue of 1826, naturally does not vie with points ascertained from Steinschneider or S. Wiener, but such as it is, the following list will serve both as an indication of the topics treated of in Hebrew literature and as a guide to the sources in which the fullest account at present known is given. Occasionally the lists include sections of works which should not strictly be counted, as this leads to duplication, and besides some of the entries include also manuscripts. On the other hand, these items probably do not more than compensate for the omissions in the older lists. In some few instances no actual enumeration is accessible, and in these cases the number given by the Chazanowicz collection has been repeated as being the closest approximation that can now be offered. Altogether about 15,380 works are thus accounted for out of the 18,000 or 20,000 Hebrew works and editions that have been produced.
Subject. | No. | Source. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
I. | Bibles | ...... | British Museum Catalogue. | |
Polyglot | 220 | |||
Complete | 175 | |||
Yiddish | 3 | |||
Pentateuch | 177 | |||
Prophets | 6 | |||
Hagiographa | 13 | |||
Pentateuch Parts. | 15 | |||
Megillot Parts. | 10 | |||
Psalms | 44 | |||
Prophets, additional. | 11 | |||
Apocrypha | 12 | |||
II. | Bible Commentaries | ...... | Reland, "Analecta Rabbinica." | |
Complete Bible | 11 | |||
Pentateuch | 214 | |||
Prophets | 39 | |||
Hagiographa | 62 | |||
Supercommentaries. | 65 | |||
Megillot | 106 | |||
Miscellaneous | 145 | |||
Targum | 10 | |||
III. | Talmud | 172 | Zedner and Van Straalen. | |
IV. | Talmud Commentaries on Separate Tractates. | 196 | Jellinek, "Ḳonṭres." | |
V. | Methodology. | |||
Indexes | 90 | Jellinek, "Ḳonṭres." | ||
Hermeneutics | 237 | Jellinek, "Ḳonṭres." | ||
VI. | Codes | 310 | Steinschneider, "Cat. Bodl." | |
VII. | Code Commentaries | 185 | Steinschneider, "Cat. Bodl." | |
Maimonides | 207 | Jellinek, "Ḳonṭres ha-Rambam." | ||
On the 613 Commandments. | 171 | Jellinek, "Ḳonṭres Taryag." | ||
VIII. | Novellæ | 298 | Benjacob, s. "Ḥiddushim." | |
Posḳim | 347 | Oppenheim. | ||
Names | 93 | Jellinek, "Ḳonṭres Mazkir." | ||
IX. | Responsa | 611 | Merzbacher, "Ohel Abraham," 1888. | |
X. | Liturgy | 1,544 | Zedner and Van Straalen. | |
Teḥinnot | 123 | Oppenheim. | ||
Seliḥot | 97 | Oppenheim. | ||
Haggadah | 898 | S. Wiener, "Oster-Haggadah." St. Petersburg, 1902. | ||
XI. | Midrash | 213 | Jellinek, "Ḳonṭres Midrash." | |
XII. | Sermons | 587 | Chazanowicz. | |
Burial | 123 | Jellinek, " "Ḳonṭres ha- Masped." | ||
XIII. | Cabala | 104 | Bartolocci. | |
XIV. | Grammar and Dictionaries. | 588 | Chazanowicz. | |
Lexicons | 59 | Wolf. | ||
Grammar | 424 | Steinschneider, "Bibl. Hand." | ||
XV. | History, Archeology, and Memoirs. | |||
History | 317 | Steinschneider, "Geschichts-Litteratur der Juden," 1905. | ||
Tombstone Inscriptions. | 21 | Jew. Encyc. 3:641-642, s. "Cemeteries." | ||
Taḳḳanot | 17 | Steinschneider, "Hebr. Bibl." 6:16. | ||
XVI. | Geography | 118 | Zunz. "G. S." | |
Palestine | 154 | Steinschneider, in Luncz's "Luaḥ," 1872. | ||
XVII. | Poetry, Criticism | 585 | Chazanowicz. | |
Occasional Poetry | 207 | Benjacob, s. "Shirim." | ||
Letters | 142 | Benjacob, s. "Iggerot." | ||
Tales | 150 | Benjacob s. "Ma'assim." | ||
Rhetoric | 56 | Oppenheim. | ||
Purim and Parodies. | 28 | Steinschneider. in "Monatschrift 1903. | ||
Purim Parodies | 57 | Steinschneider, in "Letterbode." | ||
Drama, Original | 52 | Berliner, "Yesod 'Olam," p. | ||
XVIII. | Science | 260 | Chazanowicz. | |
Mathematics | 271 | Steinschneider, "Mathematik bei den Juden" (to 1650). | ||
Medicine | 46 | Benjacob, s. "Refu'ah." | ||
Astronomy | 80 | Bartolocci. | ||
Chronology | 27 | Bartolocci. | ||
Calendar | 77 | Zeitlin, in Gurland's "Luaḥ," 1882. | ||
XIX. | Theology and Polemics. | 449 | Chazanowicz. | |
Anti-Christian Polemics. | 182 | De Rossi, "Bibliotheca Judaica Anti-Christiana." | ||
Future Life | 44 | E. Abbot, "Literature of Future Life." 1891. | ||
Karaitica | 51 | Deinard (MS. list). | ||
Hasidica | 307 | |||
XX. | Ethics | 34 | Stein, "Ethik des Talmuds." | |
Wills, Ethical | 60 | Abrahams, in "J. Q. R." 481, 4. | ||
Philosophy | 76 | Oppenheim. | ||
Proverbs | 184 | Bernstein, "Livres Parémiologiques Warsaw, 1900. | ||
XXI. | Educational | 265 | Chazanowicz. | |
XXII. | Fiction | 510 | Chazanowicz. | |
XXIII. | Periodicals. | |||
Hebrew | 199 | |||
Yiddish | 191 | |||
Ladino | 53 | |||
Almanacs | 58 | Benjacob, s. "Luḥot." | ||
Catalogues | 46 | Zedner. | ||
XXIV. | Yiddish | 311 | Wiener. "Yiddish Literature," p. 99. | |
Judæo-German | 385 | Steinschneider, "Serapeum," 1848. | ||
XXV. | Ladino | 164 | Kayserling, "Bibl. Esp.-Port.-Jud." | |
XXVI. | Translations, Modern. | 152 | Jew. Encyc. s. |
In addition to the examples of Hebrew printing which are given as illustrations in the present article (all of them being derived from the Sulzberger collection in the Jewish Theological Seminary of America in New York city), the volumes of The Jewish Encyclopedia contain a larger number of reproductions of Hebrew typography than have ever yet been brought together, a list of which, in order of place of publication, may fitly conclude this account.
Where Printed. | Date. | Title. | Jew. Encyc. | |
---|---|---|---|---|
p. | ||||
Alcala | 1514 | Bible Polyglot | 159 | |
Altdorf | 1644 | Title-page of "Sefer Niẓẓaḥon" | 153 | |
Amsterdam | 1666 | Title-page of Shabbethaian "Tiḳḳun | 156 | |
Amsterdam | 1679 | Title-page of Bible | 155 | |
Amsterdam | 1701 | "Sefer Raziel" | 336 | |
Amsterdam | 1726 | Picart, title-page of Pentateuch | 29 | |
Amsterdam | 1787 | "Me'ah Berakot" | 8 | |
Amsterdam | .... | Title-page of miniature Siddur | 156 | |
Amsterdam | .... | Title-page of Bible | 157 | |
Basel | 1534 | Münster Bible | 113 | |
Berlin | 1702 | Jacob b. Asher, Ṭur Oraḥ Ḥayyim | 151 | |
Bologna | 1477 | Psalms with Ḳimḥi | 155 | |
Bologna | 1482 | Psalms with Pentateuch | 157 | |
Bologna | 1538 | "Tefillot Latini" | 299 | |
Brescia | 1491 | Immanuel b. Solomon, "Meḥabberot | 565 | |
Brescia | 1494 | Bible | 158 | |
Budapest | 1903 | Karaite Siddur | 179 | |
Constantinople. | 1512 | Midrash Tillim | 241 | |
Constantinople. | 1517 | Moses ibn Tibbon translation of Maimonides' "Sefer ha-Miẓwot | 547 | |
Constantinople. | 1520 | Baḥya b. Asher, "Kad haḲemaḥ" | 243 | |
Constantinople. | 1532 | Elijah Mizraḥi "Mispar," Soncino | 45 | |
Constantinople. | 1620 | Midrash Eleh Ezkerah | 577 | |
Cracow | 1571 | Maḥzor (Judæo-German) | 330 | |
Cracow | .... | Printer's mark of Isaac b. Aaron of Prossnitz | 200 | |
Dyhernfurth | 1771 | Periodicals | 605 | |
Fano | 1503 | Hai Gaon, "Musar Haskel". | 340 | |
Fano | 1506 | Judah ha-Levi, "Cuzari" | 349 | |
Fano | 1516 | Jacob b. Asher, "Arba' Ṭurim | 643 | |
Faro | 1487 | Pentateuch | 345 | |
Ferrara | 1555 | Ḥasdai Crescas, "Or Adonai" | 371 | |
Genoa | 1612 | Title-page of "Shefa' Ṭal" | 154 | |
Guadalajara | 1482 | David Ḳimḥi's Commentary on the Prophets | 103 | |
Homberg-vor-der-Hohe | 1737 | Schiff, "Hiddushe Halakot" | 99 | |
Isny | 1541 | Elijah Levita, "Tishbi" | 47 | |
Ixar | 1485 | Jacob b. Asher, Oraḥ Ḥayyim | 13 | |
Lisbon | 1489 | Abudarham | 105 | |
Lisbon | 1489 | Naḥmanides Commentary on the Pentateuch | 89 | |
London | 1813 | Almanac | 428 | |
Lublin | 1590 | Mordecai Jaffe, "Lebushim" | 59 | |
Lyck | 1865 | Periodicals | 610 | |
Mantua | 1475 | "Yosippon" | 261 | |
Mantua | 1476 | Jacob b. Asher, Ṭur Oraḥ Ḥayyim. | 205 | |
Mantua | Before 1480 | Levi b. Gershon, Commentary | 173 | |
Mantua | Before 1480 | Levi b. Gershon, Commentary on the Pentateuch | 27 | |
Mantua | 1561 | "Tefillot Vulgar" | 172 | |
Naples | 1487 | Ḳimḥi Commentary | 247 | |
Naples | 1488 | Abraham ibn Ezra, Commentary on the Pentateuch | 523 | |
Naples | 1489 | Baḥya's "Ḥobot ha-Lebabot" | 449 | |
Naples | 1489 | kalonymus, "Eben Boḥan" | 427 | |
New York | 1899 | Periodicals | 609 | |
Paris | 1543 | Stephanus Bible | 538 | |
Paris | 1807 | Sanhedrin Prayers | 47 | |
Pesaro | 1512 | Soncino, "Sefer Yehoshua'" | 321 | |
Piove di Sacco | 1475 | Jacob b. Asher, "Arba' Ṭurim" | 29 | |
Prague | 1525 | Maḥzor | 267 | |
Prague | 1526 | Haggadah | 147 | |
Prague | 1526 | Haggadah | 167 | |
Reggio | 1475 | Rashi, Commentary on the Bible | 329 | |
Rödelheim | 868 | Siddur | 177 | |
Rome | 1480 | "'Aruk" | 181 | |
Rome | 1480 | "Morch Nebukim" | 79 | |
Rome | 1480 | "Semag" | 69 | |
Sabbionetta | 1559 | Talmud | 21 | |
Salonica | 1522 | Isaac Arama, "'Aḳedat Yiẓḥaḳ" | 581 | |
Soncino | 1484 | Solomon ibn Gabirol, "Mibḥar ha-Peninim" | 531 | |
Soncino | 1485 | "'Iḳḳarim" | 465 | |
Soncino | 1485 | Maḥzor | 265 | |
p. | ||||
Soncino | Before 1500 | Title-page of an unknown edition of the Talmud | 13 | |
Venice | 1517 | Bomberg Bible | 160 | |
Venice | 1520 | Bomberg Talmud | 17 | |
Venice | 1522 | Title-page of Bomberg Talmud | 152 | |
Venice | 1526 | Bomberg Talmud | 301 | |
Venice | 1564 | Gershon b. Solomon, "Shefer Sha'ar ha-Shamayim" | 645 | |
Venice | 1547 | Caro, Shulḥan 'Aruk | 587 | |
Venice | 1694 | "She'elot u-Teshubot" | 655 | |
Venice | .... | Title-page of Ritual | 414 | |
Vienna | 1901 | Periodicals | 615 | |
Wilna | 1865 | Title-page of Bible | 157 | |
Wilna | 1880 | Shulḥan 'Aruk | 529 | |
Wilna | 1884 | Romm Talmud | 22 | |
Zurich | 1546 | "Yosippon" (Judæo-German) | 263 |
- Cassel and Steinschneider, Jüdische Typographie, in Ersch and Gruber, Encyc. section , part 28, pp. 21-94, on which the above account is founded;
- De Rossi, Annales Hebrœo-Typographici, Parma, 1795;
- Schwab, Les Incunables Orientaux, Paris, 1883;
- Harkavy, in Cat. of Book Exposition, part (in Russian), St. Petersburg, 1894;
- Simonsen, Hebraisk Bogtryk, Copenhagen, 1901;
- Theodore L. De Vinne, Modern Methods of Book Composition, p. 246, New York, 1904;
- Ebrard, Ausstellung Hebräischer Buchdrucke, 2d ed., Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1902;
- Steinschneider, Cat. Bodl. cols. 2813-3103.
These files are public domain.
Singer, Isidore, Ph.D, Projector and Managing Editor. Entry for 'Typography'. 1901 The Jewish Encyclopedia. https://www.studylight.org/​encyclopedias/​eng/​tje/​t/typography.html. 1901.