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Ḥad Gadya

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An Aramaic song, which is recited at the conclusion of the Seder service, held on the first two evenings of the Passover ("Pesaḥ") festival in Jewish households (see HAGGADAH). It is so called after the introductory phrase, which is also used as a continuous refrain at the end of each of the ten verses of which the poem consists. It belongs to a species of cumulative rimes familiar alike to the child in the nursery and to the folklorist. It was for a long time regarded as an allegorical version of the principle of "jus talionis," a sort of commentary upon Exodus 21:24-25. It is, in fact, simply a Jewish nursery-rime, now known to have been borrowed from, or fashioned after, a popular German ballad, the prototype of which seems to have been an old French song. The English translation of this Aramaic doggerel runs as follows:

According to the commentators, the legend illustrates how the people of Israel were for centuries oppressed and persecuted by all the nations of antiquity, and how the oppressors all perished one by one, and how Israel, the oppressed, survived. The allegorical explanation of the story is this: The kid symbolizes the Hebrew nation; Yhwh being the father, who bought or redeemed His people through Moses and Aaron (= the two pieces of money) from Egypt. The cat is Assyria, conqueror of Israel. The dog is Babylonia, the next to oppress the Jews. The stick stands for Persia; the fire, for Macedonia; the water, for Rome; the ox, for the Saracens, who conquered Palestine; the slaughterer, for the Crusaders; the angel of death, for the Turk, now ruling over Palestine; and, finally, the Most Holy, for the principle of eternal justice to vindicate Israel, the one only kid of the allegory.

Quite an extensive and interesting literature clusters about this curious droll. In 1731 Philip Nicodemus Lebrecht, a baptized Jew, published at Leipsic a tract with the following title: ". Ein Zicklein, das Ist, ein Merckwürdiges Rätzel aus der Jüdischen Oster-Liturgie Welches in Sich Begreifet die Begebenheiten und Schicksahle des Jüdischen Volcks, so Sie von Ausgang Ægyptian biss auf die Zukunft Ihres Annoch Täglich [zu] Erwartenden Messiæ Darunter Verstehen" (comp. Wolf, "Bibl. Hebr." 4:954,955). This commentary is borrowed from the Latin of Herrmann von der Hardt, who in 1727 published at Helmstadt an explanation of the "riddle," under the title, "Aenigmata Judaica" (Wolf, c. p. 1044; Franz Delitzsch, "Zur Gesch. der Jüdischen Poesie," p. 81, Leipsic, 1836; Steinschneider, "Cat. Bodl." col. 1032). In 1732 Christian Andreas Teuber published in Leipsic another treatise, based upon Lebrecht's, entitled: ", h. e. Wahrscheinliche Muhtmassung von dem Alten und Dunckeln Jüdischen Oster-Liede: Ein Zicklein, ein Zicklein." Wolf (c. 4:1044) gives full information concerning the contents of this book. A number of other Christian writers have published and commented upon this nursery-rime, as though it were a profound philosophical poem, notably Wagenseil ("Belehrung von der Jüdisch-Teutschen Red- und Schreib-Art," 2d ed., pp. 98, 105, Königsberg, 1699) and Bodenschatz ("Kirchliche Verfassung der Heutigen Juden," section , pp. 310-319, Erlangen, 1748). In England, too, the legend was known and discussed in the "London Congregational Magazine" for 1834, whence it was reprinted in New York, 1835, under the title, "A Kid, a Kid, or the Jewish Origin of the Celebrated Legend, 'The House That Jack Built'" (see an article describing this little book in "The New York Times Saturday Review," Feb. 9, 1901). In the preface it is called a "parabolical hymn." Henry George published in London in 1862 an essay on the same subject: "An Attempt to Show that Our Nursery Rime 'The House That Jack Built' Is an Historical Allegory, . . . To Which Is Appended a Translation and Interpretation of an Ancient Jewish Hymn" (comp. Steinschneider, "Hebr. Bibl." 5:63).

There are, moreover, a number of Jewish commentaries on "Ḥad Gadya." A partial list of them (the earlier items alphabetically arranged) is given in the bibliography to this article.

Folk-Lore Parallels.

Parallels to this legend may be found in Oriental and Occidental folk-lore. Joseph Jacobs, in the notes to his "English Fairy Tales" (London, 1893), has collected some of the analogues, from "Don Quixote," and from Persian, Indian, and other sources. The origin, however, is now held to be a German folk-song, "Der Herr der Schickt den Jokel aus," a variant of which was sung in certain places in Germany on Sept. 17—a date sacred to a local saint, St. Lambert—and called "Lambertuslied" (see Nork, "Festkalender," pp. 587-588, Stuttgart, 1847). A French chanson, edited by Gaston Paris (see bibliography), is also cited as the prototype of the Chaldaic verses. There are, besides, two other French nursery-rimes, "Ah! Tu Sortiras, Biquette"and "La Petite Fourmi qui Allait à Jérusalem," which bear a striking resemblance to the Jewish legend. G. A. Kohut has republished (see bibliography) the German, French, and modern Greek variants; but perhaps the most curious analogue, in Siamese, was printed in "Trübner's Record" for Feb., 1890 (comp. "Jewish Messenger," New York, April 23, 1897).

As regards the age of the Jewish song, the Prague (1526) edition of the Haggadah does not contain it; but the edition of 1590, published in the same city, prints it with a German translation (comp. Zunz, "G. V." 2d ed., p. 133a; Steinschneider, "Hebr. Bibl." 14:52). The Portuguese and South-Arabian (Yemen) rituals do not include either the EḤAD MI YODEA' 'or the "Ḥad Gadya"; though one Yemen manuscript, in the Sutro Library, San Francisco, is said to contain the latter, added by a later hand, and Zunz found the former in a maḥzor of Avignon ("Allg. Zeit. des Jud." 3:469). It is interesting to note that a German version of the "Ḥad Gadya" is to be found in Von Arnim and Brentano's anthology "Des Knaben Wunderhorn."

Bibliography:

• Moses b. Jacob Aberle, , Altona, 1770;
• Anonymous, , Amsterdam, 1762 (on the title-page it is stated that "the author, in deep humility, wishes to with-hold his name." The preface states that the interpretation came to him in a vision);
• Asher Anshel, , London, 1785;
• Moses b. Simeon Blumenfeld, , Hanover, 1852 (see Benjacob, Oẓar ha-Sefarim, p. 289, No. 358);
• Judah Jüdel () Engel, , Altona, 1779;
• Jonathan ben Nathan (Nata) Eybeschütz, (MS. Michael, No. 405; comp. Benjacob, c. p. 176, No. 295);
• Judah ben Mordecai Horwitz, Königsberg, 1764, Dubno, 1794;
• Judah ben Moses, Altona (?), 1776;
• Ẓebi Hirsh ben Solomon Salman, , Prague, 1827 (extract from the same author's work, , which does not appear to have been published).
• Besides these special treatises and commentaries see the numerous editions of the Pesaḥ Haggadah. e.g., those of David Cassel and L. Landshuth. To the latter's edition (Maggid me-Reshith, Berlin, 1856) Steinschneider has contributed a bibliography, Nachwort, die Literatur der Haggada Betreffend, pp. - (comp. G. Polak, Haggadah shel Pesah, Amsterdam, 1851). The literature is carefully listed, with critical notes, in Benjacob, Oẓar ha-Sefarim, pp. 124-130, Wilna, 1880. See also Steinschneider, Cat. Bodl. cols. 411, 420, 1598;
• Zedner, Cat. Hebr. Books Brit. Mus. pp. 440-446;
• Roest, Cat. Rosenthal. Bibl. pp. 688-695;
• S. Wiener, Bibliographie der Oster-Haggadah, 1500-1900, St. Petersburg, 1902;
• Bacher, in Zeit. für Hebr. Bibl. 7:88-89.
• On the origin of the Ḥad Gadya and its parallels, see, also, the following works: Wolf, Bibl. Hebr. 2:1287, 4:1043-1044;
• Sanders, in Busch's Jahrbuch für Israeliten, 6:267 et seq.;
• Darmesteter, Neubauer, and G. Paris, in Roumania, 1872, 1:218-225);
• A. Sabatier, Chansons Hébr. Provenç. des Juifs, No. , Nîmes, 1874;
• Steinschneider, Hebr. Bibl. 5:63, 7:8, 9:92., 14:52;
• Jacobs, English Fairy Tales, New York, 1893;
• G. A. Kohut, Le Ḥad Gadya et les Chansons Similaires, in R. E. J. 31:240;
• idem, in Helpful Thoughts, Sept., 1901, pp. 12-17; April, 1902 pp. 274-276;
• idem, in Jewish Exponent, April-June, 1903;
• see also Jew. Encyc. 5:73, s. EḤad Mi Yodea, and sources there given;
• Schwab, Répertoire, pp. 69, 109, 210, 271, 291;
• A. A. Green, The Revised Haggada, pp. 98-99, 105, notes, London, 1898;
• I. S. Moses, Haggada, with musical notes, New York, 1902;
• Keane, Rhodesia, London, 1902 (contains a Malagasy version: comp. I. Abrahams in Jewish Chronicle, London, Jan. 10, 1902, p. 27);
• Allg. Zeit. des Jud. April, 1902.

A.

G. A. K.

—Music:

ḤAD GADYA

The "Ḥad Gadya" is usually chanted in the traditional style of cantillation, a typical arrangement of which may be seen in A. Schönfeld's "Recitative und Gesänge zum Vorträge am Ersten und Zweiten Abende des Ueberschreitungsfestes," No. 31, Posen, 1884. A melody of great interest was traditional in the home of J. Offenbach, the elder, ḥazzan at Cologne; and it may be found, with pianoforte accompaniment, in his edition of the Haggadah (Cologne, 1838). This arrangement is said to be due to Jacques Offenbach, the younger, the well-known composer of opera-bouffe. The text is given in the German version "Ein Lämmchen"; and the setting, slightly abbreviated, reappears in Abraham Baer's "Ba'al Tefillah," No. 773, Göteborg, 1887. An English version, here reproduced, was given in "Young Israel," , No. 14, London, 1898.

A.

F. L. C.