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Friedrich Karl Ferdinand, Freiherr Muffling

1911 Encyclopedia Britannica

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VoN, called Weiss (1775-1851), Prussian general field marshal, was born on the 12th of June 1775, and entered the Prussian army in 1790. In 1799 he contributed to a military dictionary edited by Lieutenant W. von Leipziger, and in the winter of 1802-1803, being then a subaltern, he was appointed to the newly-formed general staff as "quartermaster-lieutenant." He had already done survey work, and was now charged with survey duties under the astronomer F. X. von Zach (1754-1832). In 1805, when in view of a war with France the army was placed on a war footing, Muffling was promoted captain and assigned to the general staffs, successively, of General von Wartensleben, Prince Hohenlohe and Blucher. In 1806 he served under Hohenlohe, the duke of Saxe-Weimar, and Blucher, and was included in the capitulation of the latter's corps at Rattkau, after which he entered the civil service of the duke of Weimar. He rejoined the army on the outbreak of the War of Liberation in 1813, and was placed on the headquarters staff of the army of Silesia. His business qualities and common sense were greatly valued, though the temperamental differences between Muffling and Gneisenau often led to friction, especially as the former was in a measure the representative of the antiquated "topographical" school of strategists, to whom (rightly in the main) the disaster of Jena was attributed. In the interval between the first occupation of Paris and the Hundred Days, Muffling served as chief of the staff to the Russian general Barclay de Tolly and to General Kleist von Nollendorf. He was Prussian commissioner at the duke of Wellington's headquarters in the Waterloo campaign, and was involved in the various controversies which centred round the events of the 16th of June 1815. After the final fall of Napoleon he served on the staff of the army of occupation in France and was for some months military governor of Paris. He spent a part of his time on the Rhine in survey work, and was employed by Frederick William III. in various diplomatic missions. In 1821 he became chief of the general staff at Berlin, and though he has been accused of indulging his taste for topographical work at the expense of training for war, his work was not wasted, for he gave an excellent organization to the general staff, and executed elaborate and useful surveys. In 1829 he visited Constantinople and St Petersburg in connexion with negotiations for peace between Russia and Turkey. He took a prominent part in the military and civil history of Prussia, and from 1838-1847 was governor of Berlin. Failing health compelled his retirement in the latter year, and he died on the 16th of January 1851, at his estate of Ringhofen near Berlin.

Under the initials of C(arl) von W(eiss), he wrote various important works on military art and history: Operationsplan der preuss-sitchs. Armee 1806 (Weimar, 1807); marginalia on the archduke Charles's Grundscitze der hiiheren Kriegskunst fiir die Generale der oesterr. Armee, and on Ruhle von Lilienstern's Bericht uber die Vorgange bei der Hohenloheschen Armee 1806; Die preussisch-russische Kampagne bis zum Waffenstillstande 1813 (Berlin, 1813); Geschichte der Armeen unter Wellington and Blucher 1815 (Stuttgart, 1817); Zur Kriegsgesch. der Jahre 1813-1814: die Feldzuge der schlesischen Armee von der Beendigung des Waffenstillstandes bis zur Eroberung von Paris (Berlin, 1824); Betrachtungen fiber die grossen Operationen and Schlachten 1813-1815 (Berlin, 1825); Napoleons Strategie 1813 (Berlin, 1827); and an essay on the Roman roads on the lower Rhine (Berlin, 1834). Muffling was also the inventor of a system of hachuring for maps. His reminiscences, Aus meinem Leben, were published at Berlin in 1851.

Mufti, 2 a consulting canon-lawyer in Islam, who, upon application, gives fatwas (fetvas ) or legal opinions on points of canon law (see Mahommedan Law). These are asked and given in strictly impersonal form, but the cadi, or judge, then applies them to the case and decides in accordance with them. In theory, any learned man whose opinion is respected and whose advice is sought can give fatwas. But generally in a Muslim state there are muftis specifically appointed by the government, one for each school of canon law in each place. Each of these renders opinions in accordance with the law-books of his school; The use of the word for plain or civilian clothes worn instead of uniform is originally Anglo-Indian. It may have been suggested by the loose flowing robes of the stage "mufti," and thus implied any easy dress worn by an officer when out of uniform.

he has no scope for free interpretation; everything is fixed there, and he must follow the precedents of the elders. In Turkey there is a chief mufti, called the Sheikh al-Islam, whose office was created by the Ottoman sultan, Mahommed II., in 1453, after the capture of Constantinople. He is, in a sense, the head of the ecclesiastical side of the state, that controlled by canon law; while the grand vizier is at the head of secular matters. Although his powers are delegated by the sultan-caliph, and he is appointed and can be dismissed by him, yet in his fatwa-issuing power he is independent. The sultan may dismiss him before he has a chance to issue a fatwa; but if he once issues it the result is legally automatic, even though it means the deposition of the sultan himself. Thus it was by a fatwa of the Sheikh al-Islam that the sultan Abdul Hamid was deposed.

See Juynboll, De mohammedaansche Wet., 40 sqq.; De Slane's trans. of Ibn Khaldun's Prolegomenes, I. lxxviii. 447 seq.; Turkey in Europe, by "Odysseus," 131 seq.; Young, Corps de droit ottoman, I. x., 285, 289. (D. B. MA.)