Study Desk

Then the slave drivers⁽ⁿ⁾ and the overseers went out and said to the people, "This is what Pharaoh says: ‘I will not give you any more straw.

Go and get your own straw wherever you can find it, but your work will not be reduced^(o) at all.'"

So the people scattered all over Egypt to gather stubble to use for straw.

The slave drivers kept pressing them, saying, "Complete the work required of you for each day, just as when you had straw."

And Pharaoh's slave drivers beat the Israelite overseers they had appointed,^(p) demanding, "Why haven't you met your quota of bricks yesterday or today, as before?"

Then the Israelite overseers went and appealed to Pharaoh: "Why have you treated your servants this way?

Your servants are given no straw, yet we are told, ‘Make bricks!' Your servants are being beaten, but the fault is with your own people."

Pharaoh said, "Lazy, that's what you are—lazy!^(q) That is why you keep saying, ‘Let us go and sacrifice to the Lord .'

Now get to work.^(r) You will not be given any straw, yet you must produce your full quota of bricks."

The Israelite overseers realized they were in trouble when they were told, "You are not to reduce the number of bricks required of you for each day."

When they left Pharaoh, they found Moses and Aaron waiting to meet them,

and they said, "May the Lord look on you and judge^(s) you! You have made us obnoxious^(t) to Pharaoh and his officials and have put a sword^(u) in their hand to kill us."^(v)

Moses returned to the Lord and said, "Why, Lord, why have you brought trouble on this people?^(w) Is this why you sent me?

Ever since I went to Pharaoh to speak in your name, he has brought trouble on this people, and you have not rescued^(x) your people at all."

Then the Lord said to Moses, "Now you will see what I will do to Pharaoh: Because of my mighty hand^(a) he will let them go;^(b) because of my mighty hand he will drive them out of his country."^(c)

God also said to Moses, "I am the Lord .^(d)

I appeared to Abraham, to Isaac and to Jacob as God Almighty,^[a](e) but by my name^(f) the Lord ^[b](g) I did not make myself fully known to them.

I also established my covenant^(h) with them to give them the land⁽ⁱ⁾ of Canaan, where they resided as foreigners.^(j)

Moreover, I have heard the groaning^(k) of the Israelites, whom the Egyptians are enslaving, and I have remembered my covenant.^(l)

"Therefore, say to the Israelites: ‘I am the Lord , and I will bring you out from under the yoke of the Egyptians.^(m) I will free you from being slaves to them, and I will redeem⁽ⁿ⁾ you with an outstretched arm^(o) and with mighty acts of judgment.^(p)

I will take you as my own people, and I will be your God.^(q) Then you will know^(r) that I am the Lord your God, who brought you out from under the yoke of the Egyptians.

And I will bring you to the land^(s) I swore^(t) with uplifted hand^(u) to give to Abraham, to Isaac and to Jacob.^(v) I will give it to you as a possession. I am the Lord .'"^(w)

Moses reported this to the Israelites, but they did not listen to him because of their discouragement and harsh labor.^(x)

Then the Lord said to Moses,

"Go, tell^(y) Pharaoh king of Egypt to let the Israelites go out of his country."^(z)

But Moses said to the Lord , "If the Israelites will not listen^(aa) to me, why would Pharaoh listen to me, since I speak with faltering lips^[c]?"^(ab)

Family Record of Moses and Aaron

Now the Lord spoke to Moses and Aaron about the Israelites and Pharaoh king of Egypt, and he commanded them to bring the Israelites out of Egypt.^(ac)

These were the heads of their families^[d]:^(ad) The sons of Reuben^(ae) the firstborn son of Israel were Hanok and Pallu, Hezron and Karmi. These were the clans of Reuben.

The sons of Simeon^(af) were Jemuel, Jamin, Ohad, Jakin, Zohar and Shaul the son of a Canaanite woman. These were the clans of Simeon.

These were the names of the sons of Levi^(ag) according to their records: Gershon,^(ah) Kohath and Merari.^(ai) Levi lived 137 years.

The sons of Gershon, by clans, were Libni and Shimei.^(aj)

The sons of Kohath^(ak) were Amram, Izhar, Hebron and Uzziel.^(al) Kohath lived 133 years.

The sons of Merari were Mahli and Mushi.^(am) These were the clans of Levi according to their records.

Amram^(an) married his father's sister Jochebed, who bore him Aaron and Moses.^(ao) Amram lived 137 years.

The sons of Izhar^(ap) were Korah, Nepheg and Zikri.

The sons of Uzziel were Mishael, Elzaphan^(aq) and Sithri.

Aaron married Elisheba, daughter of Amminadab^(ar) and sister of Nahshon,^(as) and she bore him Nadab and Abihu,^(at) Eleazar^(au) and Ithamar.^(av)

The sons of Korah^(aw) were Assir, Elkanah and Abiasaph. These were the Korahite clans.

Eleazar son of Aaron married one of the daughters of Putiel, and she bore him Phinehas.^(ax) These were the heads of the Levite families, clan by clan.

It was this Aaron and Moses to whom the Lord said, "Bring the Israelites out of Egypt^(ay) by their divisions."^(az)

They were the ones who spoke to Pharaoh^(ba) king of Egypt about bringing the Israelites out of Egypt—this same Moses and Aaron.^(bb)

Now when the Lord spoke to Moses in Egypt,

he said to him, "I am the Lord .^(bc) Tell Pharaoh king of Egypt everything I tell you."

But Moses said to the Lord , "Since I speak with faltering lips,^(bd) why would Pharaoh listen to me?"

Then the Lord said to Moses, "See, I have made you like God^(a) to Pharaoh, and your brother Aaron will be your prophet.^(b)

You are to say everything I command you, and your brother Aaron is to tell Pharaoh to let the Israelites go out of his country.

But I will harden Pharaoh's heart,^(c) and though I multiply my signs and wonders^(d) in Egypt,

he will not listen^(e) to you. Then I will lay my hand on Egypt and with mighty acts of judgment^(f) I will bring out my divisions,^(g) my people the Israelites.

And the Egyptians will know that I am the Lord ^(h) when I stretch out my hand⁽ⁱ⁾ against Egypt and bring the Israelites out of it."

Moses and Aaron did just as the Lord commanded^(j) them.

Moses was eighty years old^(k) and Aaron eighty-three when they spoke to Pharaoh.

Aaron's Staff Becomes a Snake

The Lord said to Moses and Aaron,

"When Pharaoh says to you, ‘Perform a miracle,^(l)' then say to Aaron, ‘Take your staff and throw it down before Pharaoh,' and it will become a snake."^(m)

So Moses and Aaron went to Pharaoh and did just as the Lord commanded. Aaron threw his staff down in front of Pharaoh and his officials, and it became a snake.

Pharaoh then summoned wise men and sorcerers,⁽ⁿ⁾ and the Egyptian magicians^(o) also did the same things by their secret arts:^(p)

Each one threw down his staff and it became a snake. But Aaron's staff swallowed up their staffs.

Yet Pharaoh's heart^(q) became hard and he would not listen^(r) to them, just as the Lord had said.

Then the Lord said to Moses, "Pharaoh's heart is unyielding;^(s) he refuses to let the people go.

Go to Pharaoh in the morning as he goes out to the river.^(t) Confront him on the bank of the Nile,^(u) and take in your hand the staff that was changed into a snake.

Then say to him, ‘The Lord , the God of the Hebrews, has sent me to say to you: Let my people go, so that they may worship^(v) me in the wilderness. But until now you have not listened.^(w)

This is what the Lord says: By this you will know that I am the Lord :^(x) With the staff that is in my hand I will strike the water of the Nile, and it will be changed into blood.^(y)

The fish in the Nile will die, and the river will stink;^(z) the Egyptians will not be able to drink its water.'"^(aa)

The Lord said to Moses, "Tell Aaron, ‘Take your staff^(ab) and stretch out your hand^(ac) over the waters of Egypt—over the streams and canals, over the ponds and all the reservoirs—and they will turn to blood.' Blood will be everywhere in Egypt, even in vessels^[a] of wood and stone."

Moses and Aaron did just as the Lord had commanded.^(ad) He raised his staff in the presence of Pharaoh and his officials and struck the water of the Nile,^(ae) and all the water was changed into blood.^(af)

The fish in the Nile died, and the river smelled so bad that the Egyptians could not drink its water. Blood was everywhere in Egypt.

But the Egyptian magicians^(ag) did the same things by their secret arts,^(ah) and Pharaoh's heart^(ai) became hard; he would not listen to Moses and Aaron, just as the Lord had said.

Instead, he turned and went into his palace, and did not take even this to heart.

And all the Egyptians dug along the Nile to get drinking water^(aj), because they could not drink the water of the river.

Seven days passed after the Lord struck the Nile.

^1[a]Then the Lord said to Moses, "Go to Pharaoh and say to him, ‘This is what the Lord says: Let my people go, so that they may worship^(a) me.

If you refuse to let them go, I will send a plague of frogs^(b) on your whole country.

The Nile will teem with frogs. They will come up into your palace and your bedroom and onto your bed, into the houses of your officials and on your people,^(c) and into your ovens and kneading troughs.^(d)

The frogs will come up on you and your people and all your officials.'"

Then the Lord said to Moses, "Tell Aaron, ‘Stretch out your hand with your staff^(e) over the streams and canals and ponds, and make frogs^(f) come up on the land of Egypt.'"

So Aaron stretched out his hand over the waters of Egypt, and the frogs^(g) came up and covered the land.

But the magicians did the same things by their secret arts;^(h) they also made frogs come up on the land of Egypt.

Pharaoh summoned Moses and Aaron and said, "Pray⁽ⁱ⁾ to the Lord to take the frogs away from me and my people, and I will let your people go to offer sacrifices^(j) to the Lord ."

Moses said to Pharaoh, "I leave to you the honor of setting the time^(k) for me to pray for you and your officials and your people that you and your houses may be rid of the frogs, except for those that remain in the Nile."

"Tomorrow," Pharaoh said. Moses replied, "It will be as you say, so that you may know there is no one like the Lord our God.^(l)

The frogs will leave you and your houses, your officials and your people; they will remain only in the Nile."

After Moses and Aaron left Pharaoh, Moses cried out to the Lord about the frogs he had brought on Pharaoh.

And the Lord did what Moses asked.^(m) The frogs died in the houses, in the courtyards and in the fields.

They were piled into heaps, and the land reeked of them.

But when Pharaoh saw that there was relief,⁽ⁿ⁾ he hardened his heart^(o) and would not listen to Moses and Aaron, just as the Lord had said.