deserves a place here on account of his varied philanthropic labors. He was born at Paris. July 4,1799, and was the son of the French general Bernadotte. He came to the throne in 1844, and was then already noted as an author and a man of rare culture. He had renounced Romanism, and became an adherent to the Lutheran creed. As a monarch, he exerted himself in favor of religious and temperance reforms, and the improvement of the social condition of women. He resigned the royal authority in 1857, and died in 1859. Among his publications is a work On Penal Laws and Establishments (1851).