were introduced by the Benedictines, and worn by masters of arts at their inception, until the doctors of faculties appropriated them to their own use, and masters were reduced to pantables or sandals. The boot was buttoned up the side of the leg like a gaiter; hence, probably, the modern use of the latter by the bishops, who have always a doctor's degree. The doctor of divinity stood booted and spurred at his act, as if shod with the preparation of the Gospel and ready always to preach God's word.