Credit: Gary Todd from Xinzheng, China
License: CC0 1.0
Credit URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org...
Comments: Iron Double Plowshare, Saw, & Cow Goad, 9th-7th Century BC. Israel Museum, Jerusalem, Israel. Complete indexed photo collection at WorldHistoryPics.com.
Credit: Birmingham Museums Trust. The Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS)
License: CC BY 2.0
Credit URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org...
Comments: Roman spur (profile, plan and profile). Roman prick spur, composed of a fragment of copper-alloy heel and a copper-alloy and iron goad. Between 0 and 200 AD.
Credit: The Portable Antiquities Scheme/ The Trustees of the British Museum
License: CC BY-SA 2.0
Credit URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org...
Comments: Probable goad of a prick spur: conical spike with a cross-shaped arrangement of four arms at the base, two with round attachment hole near the rounded end, and two incomplete. One of the two extant arms is slightly longer than the other, and with the stub of its counterpart forms a slight curve on the underside. The other two are in a straight alignment. Does not conform to any standard form of Roman spur (Shortt 1959). Length 16mm. Estimated width 35mm. Diameter of goad 9mm. 1st - 2nd century.
From Easton: Goad, (Heb. malmad, only in Judges 3:31), an instrument used by ploughmen for guiding their oxen. Shamgar slew six hundred Philistines with an ox-goad. "The goad is a formidable weapon. It is sometimes ten feet long, and has a sharp point. We could now See that the feat of Shamgar was not so very wonderful as some have been accustomed to think."
In 1 Samuel 13:21, a different Hebrew word is used, _dorban_, meaning something pointed. The expression (Acts 9:5, omitted in the R.V.), "It is hard for thee to kick against the pricks", i.e., against the goad, was proverbial for unavailing resistance to superior power.
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