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Saturday, December 21st, 2024
the Third Week of Advent
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Iniquity
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
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in - ik´wi - ti ( עון , ‛āwōn ; ἀνομία , anomı́a ): In the Old Testament of the 11 words translated "iniquity," by far the most common and important is ‛āwōn (about 215 times). Etymologically, it is customary to explain it as meaning literally "crookedness," "perverseness," i.e. evil regarded as that which is not straight or upright, moral distortion (from עוּה , ‛iwwāh , "to bend," "make crooked," "pervert"). Driver, however (following Lagarde), maintains that two roots, distinct in Arabic, have been confused in Hebrew, one = "to bend," "pervert" (as above), and the other = "to err," "go astray"; that ‛āwōn is derived from the latter, and consequently expresses the idea of error, deviation from the right path, rather than that of perversion (Driver, Notes on Sam , 135 note) Whichever etymology is adopted, in actual usage it has three meanings which almost imperceptibly pass into each other: (1) iniquity, (2) guilt of iniquity, (3) punishment of iniquity. Primarily, it denotes "not an action, but the character of an action" (Oehler), and is so distinguished from "sin" ( ḥaṭṭā'th ). Hence, we have the expression "the iniquity of my sin" ( Psalm 32:5 ). Thus the meaning glides into that of "guilt," which might often take the place of "iniquity" as the translation of ‛āwōn (Genesis 15:16; Exodus 34:7; Jeremiah 2:22 , etc.). From "guilt" it again passes into the meaning of "punishment of guilt," just as Latin piaculum may denote both guilt and its punishment. The transition is all the easier in Hebrew because of the Hebrew sense of the intimate relation of sin and suffering, e.g. Genesis 4:13 , "My punishment is greater than I can bear"; which is obviously to be preferred to King James Version margin, the Revised Version, margin "Mine iniquity is greater than can be forgiven," for Cain is not so much expressing sorrow for his sin, as complaining of the severity of his punishment; compare 2 Kings 7:9 (the Revised Version (British and American) "punishment," the Revised Version margin "iniquity"); Isaiah 5:18 (where for "iniquity" we might have "punishment of iniquity," as in Leviticus 26:41 , Leviticus 26:43 , etc.); Isaiah 40:2 ("iniquity," the Revised Version margin "punishment"). The phrase "bear iniquity" is a standing expression for bearing its consequences, i.e. its penalty; generally of the sinner bearing the results of his own iniquity ( Leviticus 17:16; Leviticus 20:17 , Leviticus 20:19; Numbers 14:34; Ezekiel 44:10 , etc.), but sometimes of one bearing the iniquity of another vicariously, and so taking it away (e.g. Ezekiel 4:4 f; Ezekiel 18:19 f). Of special interest in the latter sense are the sufferings of the Servant of Yahweh, who shall "bear the iniquities" of the people ( Isaiah 53:11; compare Isaiah 53:6 ).
Other words frequently translated "iniquity" are: 'āwen , literally, "worthlessness," "vanity," hence, "naughtiness," "mischief" (47 times in the King James Version, especially in the phrase "workers of iniquity," Job 4:8; Psalm 5:5; Psalm 6:8; Proverbs 10:29 , etc.); ‛āwel and ‛awlāh , literally, "perverseness" (Deuteronomy 32:4; Job 6:29 the King James Version, etc.).
In the New Testament "iniquity" stands for anomia = properly, "the condition of one without law," "lawlessness" (so translated in 1 John 3:4 , elsewhere "iniquity," e.g. Matthew 7:23 ), a word which frequently stood for ‛āwōn in the Septuagint; and adikı́a , literally, "unrighteousness" (e.g. Luke 13:27 ).
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Bibliography Information
Orr, James, M.A., D.D. General Editor. Entry for 'Iniquity'. International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. https://www.studylight.org/encyclopedias/eng/isb/i/iniquity.html. 1915.
